Glossary There exist diverse definitions and connotations associated with terminology used in plant genetic resource. This short glossary does not present a
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Fiber yielding plants/crops
- Medicinal and aromatic plants
- Ornamental plants for floriculture
- Cottage industry plants and others
Western Ghats (Northwestern Ghats: Konkan and
Southwestern Ghats: Malabar Coast)
, C. sericeus, Canavalia lineata, Cinnamomum goaense, Coffea wightiana , C. crassifolia, Cucumis ritchiei, C. setosus, Curcuma inodora , C. pseudomontana, C. purpurea, C. reclinata, Dolichos bracteatus; syn. Sphenostylis bracteata, Echinochloa colonum, Garcinia malabarica, G.
, G. talbotii, Mangifera sylvatica, Momordica tuberosa; syn. M. cymbalaria , Oryza meyeriana; syn. O. indandamanica, Panicum hippothrix, Pennisetum orientale , Piper argyrophyllum, P. galeatum, P. hookeri, P. hymenophyllum , P. trichostachyon, Vigna dalzelliana, V. khandalensis; syn. V. grandis , Zingiber neesanum; syn. Z. macrostachyum, and Z. purpureum (34)
, Amorphophallus bonoccordensis, A. commutatus, A. hohenackeri , A. mysorensis, A. nicolsianus, A. smithsonianus, Artocarpus gomezianus ssp. zeylanicus, A. hirsutus, Cajanus candollei, C. lineatus, Carissa spinarum ; syn. C. paucinervia, Cinnamomum filipedicellatum, C. heyneanum , C. macrocarpum, C. malabatrum, C. riparium, C. travancoricum , C. wightii, Colocasia esculenta, Corchorus pseudo-olitorius, Crotalaria clarkei , C. digitata, C. grahamiana, Curcuma aromatica, C. aurantiaca , C. caesia; syn. C. malabarica, C. coriacea, C. decipiens, C. ecalcarata , C. haritha, C. karnatakensis, C. kudagensis, C. nilamburensis, C. neilgherrensis , C. oligantha; syn. C. cannanorensis, C. raktakanta, C. reclinata , C. thalakaveriensis, C. vamana, Dioscorea hamiltonii, D. hispida; syn. D. daemona, D. intermedia, D. oppositifolia, D. pentaphylla; syn. D.
, D. spicata, D. tomentosa, D. wallichii, D. wightii, Dolichos uniflorus , Ensete superbum, Eugenia singampattiana, Fragaria nilgerrensis, Garcinia morella , G. travancorica, G. wightii, G. xanthochymus, Jasminum angustifolium , J. flexile, J. malabaricum, J. mesnyi, Linum mysorense, Luffa umbellata (acutangula), Momordica dioica, M. sahyadrica, Musa superba, Myristica dactyloides , M. malabarica, Olea glandulifera, Oryza meyeriana, O. officinalis ; syn. O. officinalis ssp. malampuzhaenensis, Piper argyrophyllum , P. barberi, P. galeatum, P. hapnium, P. hookeri, P. pykarahense , P. schmidtii, P. silentvalleyensis, P. trichostachyon, Pueraria tuberosa , Sesamum laciniatum, S. malabaricum, S. mulayanum, S. radiatum, Solanum anguivi ; syn. S. indicum, S. erianthum, S. incanum, S. nigrum, S.pubescens ; syn. S. torvum, S. viarum, Syzygium arnottianum, S. beddomei, S. malabaricum , Trichosanthes cucumerina, T. nervifolia, T. tricuspidata; syn. T. bracteata, T. villosula, T. wallichiana, Vigna bournaea, V. pilosa, V.
var. wightii, Vitis pedata, V. repanda; syn. Cissus repanda, Zingiber cernuum , Z. neesanum; syn. Z. macrostachyum, Z. purpureum, Z. roseum, Z. wightianum , and Z. zerumbet (112) Coastal zone (Sand dunes of West and East Coast)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima , Canavalia cathartica, C. maritima, Cassia siamea, C. tora , Casuarina equisetifolia (wild forms), Cissus quadrangularis, Citrullus colocynthis , Cocos nucifera (wild forms), Crotalaria pallida, C. retusa , C. verrucosa, Ipomoea aquatica, I. carnea ssp. fistulosa, I. pes- caprae , Ixora arborea; syn. I. parviflora, Phoenix paludosa, Physalis minima , Saccharum spontaneum, Uniola paniculata, and Ziziphus williamsii (21) (continued) Appendices
297 Biogeographical zones Wild relatives of cultivated species recorded Islands (Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands)
, A. longistylus, Bauhinia nicobarica; syn. B. stipularis , Bombax insigne var. andamanica, B. insigne var. polystemon, Canavalia turgid , Dioscorea nummularia, D. rogersii, D. vexans, Dipterocarpus andamanicus , Ficus andamanica, Garcinia andamanica, G. cadelliana , G. calycina, G. kurzii, Grewia calophylla, Hornstedtia fenzlii, Ixora capitulifera , I. hymenophylla, Jasminum cordifolium, J. andamanicum, J. multiflorum , J. unifoliolatum, Mangifera andamanica, M. camptosperma, Manilkara littoralis , Nypa fruticans, Oryza indandamanica, Phyllanthus andamanicus , Piper sarmentosum, Polyalthia parkinsonii, Pterocarpus dalbergioides , Syzygium andamanicum, S. kurzii, S. manii, S. polyanthum, S. samarangense , Terminalia bialata, T. catappa, T. manii, T. procera, Vanilla andamanica , and Vigna marina (44) Source: Singh ( 2017
) Appendix II Exploration, surveys, and bio-perspective assessment has led to identification around 1500 plant species to be under threat in India. This includes more than 1100 higher plants, including the wild relatives of crop/cultivated species. The rarity and the threat to these species have been caused by urbanization, developmental activi- ties, destruction of habitats by anthropogenic factors like over grazing, mining, etc. Botanical Survey of India have published five volumes (3 published and 2 in press) of the Red Data Books of Indian Plants listing 1182 species, 623 listed published earlier. In 2001, a tentative list of species needing conservation was also drawn (Archive 2001) to facilitate both in situ and ex situ conservation. Further investiga- tions, in many plant species has confirmed the threat perception with ICUN catego- ries. Based on survey and the investigations in this direction, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India releases press release on the plant species under threat to draw public/scientific attention and develop awareness and support for conservation of plant species, particularly those of economic value, including wild relatives of crops/cultivated species. An attempt is being made to list the representative crop/cultivated species for a bird’s-eye view. Representative Wild Relatives of Crop/Cultivated Species Reported to Be Under Threat Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Abutilon bidentatum var. major ORN R
ORN CR
AGFOR VU
AGFOR DD
ORN VU
var. membranaceum ORN
CR Acer osmastonii ORN
EN Aconitum balfourii ORN/M
DD (continued) Appendices
298 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Acorus calamus M & AP
EN Aconitum heterophyllum ORN
EN Aconitum kashmiranum ORN
EN Aconitum violaceum ORN
VU Aegle marmelos var. mahurensis F & NT R
AGFOR R
var. galbana AGFOR
R Allium auriculatum VEG
EN Allium loratum VEG
EN Allium roylei VEG
EN Allium stracheyi VEG
VU Anogeissus sericea var. nummularia IND CR R
M & AP CR
VEG DD
VEG DD
ORN/M R
ssp. dicantha ORN/M
DD Barleria stocksii ORN/M
Bauhinia variegata ORN
DD Berberis affinis M & AP
R Berberis apiculata M & AP
R Berberis kashmirian M & AP
R Berberis lambertii M & AP
VU Berberis pseudoumbellata M & AP
DD Berberis royleana M & AP
DD Bombax insigne COTIN
CR Boswellia ovelifoliolata M & AP
EN Boswellia serrata M & AP
Brachystelma laevigatum ORN
VU Brachystelma pauciflorum ORN
EN Butea monosperma var. lutea M & AP
EN Brachystelma volubile ORN
DD Cajanus cajanifolius GL DD Cajanus lineatus GL DD Calamus brandisii ORN/IND
R Calamus inermis ORN
VU Camellia sinensis COMC
Canavalia stocksii VEG
R Capparis cinerea F & NT
DD Capparis diversifolia F & NT
VU Capparis grandis F & NT
DD Capparis pachyphylla F & NT
VU Carum villosum SP & CON
EN Cenchrus rajasthanensis FOR
DD Ceropegia attenuata FOR
R Ceropegia bulbosa FOR
VU (continued) Appendices
299 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Ceropegia fantastica FOR
EN Ceropegia fimbriifera FOR
VU/R Ceropegia intermedia FOR
DD Ceropegia maccannii FOR
EN Ceropegia odorata FOR
EN Ceropegia pusilla FOR
R Ceropegia spiralis FOR
R Chlorophytum borivilianum M & AP
CR Chlorophytum malabaricum M & AP
R Cinnamomum filipedicellatum SP & CO
EN Cinnamomum heyneanum SP & CO
DD Cinnamomum perrottetii SP & CO
VU Cinnamomum riparium SP & CO
VU Cinnamomum travancoricum SP & CO
VU Citrus indica F & NT
EN Citrus macroptera F & NT
EN Coffea crassifolia COMC
R Commiphora wightii M & AP
R Crinum brachynema ORN
CR Crinum eleonorae ORN
EX Crinum woodrowii ORN
R/CR Crotalaria bourneae FIB
DD Crotalaria clarkei FIB
R Crotalaria clavata FIB
EN Crotalaria digitata FIB
EN/R Crotalaria fysonii var. glabra FIB EN
FIB R
FIB EN
var. rigida FIB
Crotalaria paniculata FIB
NT/LC Crotalaria willdenowiana galbrifoliata FIB
R Curcuma caesia SP & CO
EN Curcuma coriacea SP & CO
EN Curcuma decipiens SP & CO
R Curcuma pseudomontana SP & CO
Curculigo orchioides M & AP
EN Cycas beddomei ORN
EN Cycas circinalis ORN
EN Cymbidium aloifolium ORN
NT Cymbidium whiteae ORN
Cymbopogon flexuosus FOR
EN Cyperus dwarkensis FOR
R Cypripedium himalaicum ORN
EN Dactylorhiza hatagirea ORN/M
Dalbergia congesta AGFOR
EN Delphinium malabaricum var. ghaticum ORN VU
Appendices 300 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Dendrobium pauciflorum ORN
EN Dichanthium armatum FOR
R Dioscorea deltoidea VEG
EN Dioscorea wightii VEG
R Diospyros barberi F & NT
Diospyros holeana F & NT
VU Diospyros paniculata F & NT
VU Dipcadi ursulae var. longiracemosa ORN
(Rudraksha) INCR NT
INCR VU
M & AP EN
M & AP Embelia ribes M & AP
CR Eugenia argentea ORN
EN/EX Eugenia cotinifolia ssp. codyensis ORN EN
ORN EN
ORN EN
INCR R
F & NT EN
F & NT CR
F & NT DD
F & NT Garcinia travancorica F & NT
VU Garcinia wightii F & NT
VU Grewia damine F & NT
Grewia gamblei F & NT
EN Grewia pandaica F & NT
CR Hildegardia populifolia FIB
CR/VU Impatiens johnii ORN
EN/EX Impatiens macrocarpa ORN
CR Impatiens neo-barnesii ORN
EN Impatiens orchioides ORN
VU Impatiens tenella ORN
EN Impatiens nilagirica ORN
CR Indigofera barberi INCR
R Indigofera coerulea var. monosperma INCR R
INCR R
INCR VU
VEG/ORN EN
INCR VU
ORN EN
ORN DD
ORN EN
ORN CR
ORN R
VEG EN
Appendices 301 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Lactuca cooperi VEG
EN Lactuca filicina VEG
EN Lactuca undulata VEG
EN Livistonia jenkinsiana ORN
EN Madhuca bourdillonii AGFOR
EN Madhuca diplostemon AGFOR
EN Magnolia gustavii ORN
CR Mallotus philippensis INCR
R Mangifera andamanica F & NT
VU/NT Mangifera khasiana F & NT
DD Michelia kisopa ORN
DD Michelia punduana ORN
R Mucuna pruriens FOR
DD Myristica dactyloides SP & CO
VU Myristica malabarica SP & CO
VU Nardostachys grandiflora (jatamansi) M & AP CR
M & AP EN
ORN EX
C DD
M & AP VU/CR
Paphiopedilum insigne ORN
EN Paphiopedilum spicerianum ORN
EN Paphiopedilum venustum ORN
EN Paphiopedilum villosum ORN
VU Pandanus mangalorensis INCR
CR Pandanus martinianus INCR
EN Pandanus palakkadensis INCR
CR Pandanus unguifer INCR
EN Phoenix rupicola COMCR
NT Phyllanthus narayanswami M & AP
EN Phyllanthus talbotii M & AP
R Picrorhiza kurroa M & AP
EN Pimpinella katrajensis INCR
R Pimpinella tirupatiensis INCR
EN Pinus gerardiana INCR
R Piper barberi SP&CON
CR Piper mullesua SP&CON
VU Piper pykarahense SP&CON
Podophyllum hexandrum M & AP
EN Portulaca oleracea VEG
Prunus himalaica F & NT
R Pterocarpus santalinus M & AP
EN Pueraria tuberosa M & AP
NT Rauvolfia beddomei M & AP
Rauvolfia micrantha M & AP
Rauvolfia serpentina M & AP
VU (continued) Appendices
302 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Rhododendron arboreum ssp. arboreum ORN
ORN
VU Rhododendron elliottii ORN
DD Rhododendron formosum ORN
VU Rhododendron johnstoneanum ORN
DD Rhododendron santapaui ORN
EN Rhododendron subansiriense ORN
Rhododendron wattii ORN
EN Rubus almorensis F & NT
DD Rubus fockei F & NT
DD Rhynchosia beddomei GL R Rhynchosia velutina GL VU Rubia himalayensis INCR
VU Salix obscura AGFOR
Salvadora oleoides F/AGFOR
Salvadora Persica F/AGFOR
Santalum album INCR
VU Saussurea bracteata M & AP
R Saussurea clarkei M & AP
Saussurea costus M & AP
CR Saussurea involucrata M & AP
R Saussurea obvallata M & AP
VU Shorea tumbuggaia INCR
EN Sterculia khasiana M & AP
EX Sterculia urens M & AP
EN Syzygium alternifolium F & NT/M
EN Syzygium andamanicum F & NT
CR Syzygium benthamiana F & NT
DD Syzygium beddomei F & NT
R Syzygium bourdillonii F & NT
EN Syzygium caryophyllatum F & NT
Syzygium chavaran F & NT
EN Syzygium gambleanum F & NT
E Syzygium manii F & NT
CR Syzygium occidentalis F & NT
DD Syzygium palghatense F & NT
EX/EN Syzygium stocksii F & NT
DD Syzygium travancoricum F & NT
EN/CR Taxus wallichiana M &AP
EN Tecomella undulata INCR
Terminalia arjuna M &AP
DD Terminalia pallida M &AP
EN Tinospora sinensis M &AP
VU Vanda coerulea ORN
R/CR Vanda wightii ORN
EX/RD Vanilla andamanica SP & CO
CR (continued) Appendices
303 Wild relatives of cultivated species Crop group a ICUN category Vanilla wightiana SP & CO
R Vigna dalzelliana GL
GL R
M & AP Zingiber cernuum SP & CO
DD Zingiber purpureum var. palamaunsis SP & CO EN
F & NT Ziziphus williamsii F & NT
a C cereals, GL grain legumes, OS oilseed, FIB fiber, FOR forage, VEG vegetable, F & NT fruit and nuts, SP & CO spices and condiments, COMCR commercial crops, M & AP medicinal and aro- matic plants; ORN ornamentals, AGFOR agroforestry, INCR industrial crops Source: CAMP Workshop (1998), Chadburn ( 2012a
, b , c , d , e , f ), MoEF (2010), Nayar and Sastry (1987–1990), Rawat (2008), Red Data Book of Indian Plants, Singh ( 2004
, 2015
), Ved et al. (2015), Walter and Gillett ( 1998 ), WCMC ( 1998h )
The germplasm collections of wild relatives in major crop species have been evalu- ated against main yield reducing factors, particularly the biotic and abiotic stresses and for nutritional traits in food crops and yield and quality-related traits in others. This has resulted in identification many desirable traits in these wild species. However, the possible genetic diversity that may exist within a species is yet to be studied in greater details in most of cases. This has created an expectation of the specific desirable trait(s) in all accessions of that species, which in many cases may not be true. A great variation has been observed in identification wild relatives of crop/culti- vated species under various crop groups with desirable traits. A large number desir- able traits have been discovered in wild relatives of field and horticultural crops of food and forage value. However, the same is not true for other groups, such as spices and condiments, floriculture, medicinal and aromatic plants, agroforestry and cot- tage industry crops, and others, because of several inherent lacunas or constraints, such as: 1. Many are yet to reach crop status and mostly cultivated in gardens and home- stead gardens. 2. Many of them are perennial in nature with difficulties in their evaluation for desirable features. 3. Many have complex breeding system. 4. Crop or genetic improvement activities in many are still in infancy. 5. There has been lack of efforts in developing screening methodologies for/against various traits. 6. Lack of efforts toward evaluation for desirable traits. Recognizing these constraints, a list of representative’s wild relatives with desir- able features is being produced herewith in summary. Appendices
304 Representative wild species related to crop/cultivated species with potential useful traits Wild-related species Identified desirable trait(s) Cereals 1.
Source of disease and pest 2.
Source of disease resistance (virus, rust, mildew) and quality 3.
Resistant to drought, diseases (virus, rust, mildew), and high yield 4.
Resistant to diseases (virus, rust, mildew), herbicides, and high grain yield 5.
Source of salt tolerance (wheat and barley) 6.
Sorce for quality, yield, disease resistance, cold, salt, and waterlogging tolerance 7.
Drought tolerance (finger millet) 8.
Tolerant to drought, shade, and aerobic soil, immune to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and resistance to brown plant hopper (BPH), yellow stem borer 9.
Source of resistance to BLB, green leaf hopper (GLH), whitebacked plant hopper (WBPH) and BPH
10. Oryza nivara Source of grassy stunt virus and sheath blight (SB) resistance 11. Oryza officinalis Source of BPH, GLH, and BLB resistance 12. Oryza rufipogon Source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), quality, yield, metal and salt tolerance, and SB resistance 13. Panicum turgidum Drought and salt tolerant 14. Paspalum scrobiculatum Drought and salt resistant 15. Pennisetum orientale Drought resistant, prolonged green 16. Triticum turgidum/dicoccoides (wild tetraploid wheat) High protein content Grain legumes 1.
Source of high seed protein (HSP) and sterility mosaic virus (SMV) 2.
Source of nuclear male sterility (NMS) and (CMS), soil salinity 3.
Resistance to SMV 4.
Source of cleistogamy and CMS 5.
Source of highest seed protein (HSP) content 6.
Resistance to Phytophthora blight (PB), soil salinity
7. Cajanus scarabaeoides Source of CMS, HSP and dwarfism, and resistance to pod borer (PB), SMV 8.
Source of HSP, CMS, and resistance to both PB and SMV
9. Cicer microphyllum Drought resistance 10. Glycine soja Source for resistance to yellow mosaic virus (YMV), adaptability, cold tolerance, and short season
(continued) Appendices 305 Wild-related species Identified desirable trait(s) 11. Macrotyloma sar-garhwalensis Source of high protein content 12. Vigna acontifolia Drought resistant 13. Vigna mungo var. silvestris Hard seed coat 14. Vigna radiata var. setulosa Source of drought and buchiids resistance 15. Vigna vexillata Resistant to cowpea weevil
1.
Source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) 2.
Highly drought tolerant 3.
Source of cold tolerance 4.
Cold tolerance 5.
Source of fiber strictness 6.
Resistance to phyllody disease 7.
Resistance to diseases and pests of sesame 8.
Source of cytoplasmic sterility and powdery mildew in sesame 9.
Source of resistance to phyllody, powdery mildew, and wilt
1.
Fiber quality 2.
Source of fiber strength 3.
Source of resistance to stem rot 4.
Source of drought/heat tolerant 5.
Source of drought/heat tolerant and adaptability 6.
Immune to fungal diseases, stem rot, root rot, black band, soft rot, and anthracnose 7.
Source high protein (vegetable/fodder) 8.
Source for resistance pest and diseases and tolerance to drought and CMS 9.
Resistance to biotic and drought stresses, source of adaptability and yield, and quality traits and CMS
1.
Source of drought resistant 2.
Source of drought resistant 3.
Tolerant to heavy grazing 4.
Tolerant to heavy grazing and lodging 5.
Source of salt tolerance 6.
Extremely drought tolerant
1.
Source of resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV), mites, and tolerance to low temperatures and light frost 2.
Source of resistance to YVMV and shoot and fruit borer 3.
Source of resistant Cercospora blight 4.
Resistant to enation leaf curl virus (continued) Appendices 306 Wild-related species Identified desirable trait(s) 5.
Source of resistant to YVMV 6.
Tolerant to YVMV and fruit borer 7.
Source of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf blight, etc. 8.
Source of nutritional traits 9.
Highly salt tolerant 10. Citrullus colocynthis Source for drought tolerance and pest resistance 11. Cucumis callosus Resistance to fruit fly and leaf-eating caterpillars and tolerance to drought 12. Cucumis hardwickii Source of cold tolerant and resistance to powdery mildew 13. Lablab purpureus var. typicus Drought hardy 14. Momordica cochinchinensis Rich in nutrients 15. Solanum anguivi (indicum) Source of resistance to Fusarium wilt 16. Solanum melongena Linn var.
Source of variation for phenolic content, Fusarium wilt, and frost and drought resistance 17. Solanum melongena Linn var.
Source of resistant to bacterial wilt, shoot, and fruit borer 18. Solanum nigrum Source of resistant to potato bacterial wilt 19. Solanum sisymbriifolium Source of resistance to Verticillum wilt resistance, Meloidogyne spp. and eggplant pest, such as aphid, shoot, and fruit borer 20. Solanum torvum Source of resistance to Verticillum wilt, bacterial wilt, pest Meloidogyne spp., root stock for eggplant 21. Solanum virginianum (xanthocarpum) Source of resistance to bacterial wilt 22. Trichosanthes dioica (wild type) Source of resilience to stresses
1.
Source for waterlogging tolerance 2.
Source of cold tolerance and graft stock 3.
Source of Citrus pest resistance 4.
Source of Citrus disease resistance 5.
Cold hardiness, source of drought resistance, also used as rootstock 6.
Source of graft stock 7.
Source cold tolerant, potential disease resistance, and graft stock 8.
Most used source of rootstock and Citrus disease resistance 9.
Source of graft stock 10. Citrus reshni Gene sources for salt tolerance in graft stock 11. Citrus reticulata Source of graft stock and winter hardiness 12. Citrus trifoliata Source of dwarfing, graft stock, hardiness, and disease resistance 13. Diospyros lotus Gene sources for graft stock 14. Ficus palmata Source of graft stock for fig 15. Fragaria daltoniana Frost tolerant strawberry 16. Fragaria nilgerrensis Source of quality (continued) Appendices
307 Wild-related species Identified desirable trait(s) 17. Garcinia hombroniana Source of rootstock 18. Garcinia sopsopia A suitable rootstock for mangosteen 19. Garcinia xanthochymus Source of graft stock for cultivated mangosteen 20. Grewia oppositifolia Tolerant to frost 21. Malus baccata Source of resistance to diseases, cold tolerance and graft stock 22. Malus sikkimensis Source for disease resistance and dwarfing gene 23. Mangifera indica Source of graft stock 24. Mangifera sylvatica Potential source of graft stock for mango 25. Manilkara zapota For variability in fruit size 26. Musa balbisiana Source of improved vigor and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses 27. Prunus cerasoides Source of disease resistance and graft stock for sweet cherry 28. Prunus cornuta Source of disease resistance for sweet cherry and as graft stock 29. Prunus prostrata Used as graft stock and potential source of disease resistance 30. Pyrus pashia Common rootstock for Asian pear 31. Pyrus polycarpa Field resistant to powdery mildew and fire blight 32. Pyrus pyrifolia Preferred rootstock for pear 33. Ribes glaciale Immunity to rust caused by Cronartium ribicola 34. Rubus ellipticus Shade tolerant 35. Syzygium cumini Variability used in genetic improvement 36. Vitis lanata Source of late ripening and resistant to disease 37. Ziziphus nummularia Genetic source of rootstock Spices and condiments 1.
Source of aromatic rootstock 2.
Source of antifungal activities 3.
Source of high essential oil 4.
Source of pinocembrin and piperitenone 5.
Source of edible starch 6.
Source of highest concentration (320 mg/100 g) of biologically active peptide turmerin 7.
Fruit pericarp is a rich source of nutritional compounds 8.
Source of good rootstock for grafting the true nutmeg
9. Piper attenuatum Source of highest percentage of crotepoxide 10. Piper galeatum Source of bold fruits 11. Piper hamiltonii Source of resistance to betelvine blackfly 12. Piper nigrum (INGR 8100) Source of proliferating spikes 13. Piper thomsonii (INGR 8009) Source of sex change from male to bisexual plant 14. Zingiber cassumunar Source of fungitoxic action against Rhizoctonia solani , the damping off pathogen (continued) Appendices 308 Wild-related species Identified desirable trait(s) 15. Zingiber rubens Source of cold hardyness 16. Zingiber zerumbet Sources of ginger disease resistance
1.
Source of edible seed oil 2.
Gene resources for tea improvement 3.
Potential ornamental 4.
Source of temperature tolerance and resistance to red rot disease of sugarcane 5.
Source for poor soil tolerance 6.
Source of drought and disease resistance 7.
Source of vigor, cold tolerance, hardiness, and disease resistance and yield 8.
Source of waterlogging resistance, heavy tillering, and earliness in sugarcane Medicinal and aromatic plants 1.
Drought tolerant 2.
Potential ornamental plant 3.
Source of essential oil and methyl eugenol 4.
var.
Source of bioactive phytochemicals, especially terpenoids
1.
Potential regular ornamental 2.
Potential regular ornamental 3.
Early bloomer 4.
Potential regular ornamental 5.
Potential regular ornamental for rockeries 6.
Source of variability as parent in hybrids 7.
Source of variability
1.
Source of high temperature and excessive drought tolerance 2.
ssp. caesium Source of seed dormancy 3.
Source of drought and salinity tolerance 4.
Frost resistant
1.
Source of cane and quality fiber 2.
Source of palatable shoots 3.
Source of high protein 4.
Drought resistant 5.
Drought tolerant 6.
Source of resistant to drought, salinity, and frost Source: Analysis of reviewed literature Appendices
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