infestation (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
habit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
the large and deeply-lobed lower leaves (Photo: Sheldon
Navie)
close-up of lower leaf with several deep lobes that have
bluntly toothed margins (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
close-up of stem, with scattered stiff hairs, and smaller
upper leaf (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
Weeds of Australia - Biosecurity Queensland Edition Fact Sheet
Weeds of Australia - Biosecurity Queensland Edition Fact Sheet
Raphanus raphanistrum
Scientific Name
Scientific Name
Raphanus raphanistrum L.
Synonyms
Synonyms
Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum
Family
Family
Brassicaceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western
Australia and the Northern Territory).
Cruciferae (South Australia)
Common Names
Common Names
cadlock, charlock, jointed charlock, jointed radish, pointed charlock, radish, radish weed,
runch, white charlock, wild charlock, wild kale, wild radish, wild rape, wild turnip
Origin
Origin
Native to Europe, the Azores, the Madeira Islands, the Canary Islands, northern Africa
(i.e. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia) and western Asia.
Naturalised Distribution
Naturalised Distribution
A very widely naturalised species that is most common in the southern and eastern
parts of the country. It is very common in south-eastern Queensland, the costal and sub-
coastal districts of New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, south-eastern South
Australia and south-western Western Australia. It also has a scattered distribution in
other parts of Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia
and is possibly also naturalised in the Northern Territory.
Habitat
Habitat
A weed of disturbed sites, waste areas, roadsides, crops, pastures, waterways,
floodplains and open woodlands in temperate, sub-tropical, semi-arid and sometimes
also tropical regions.
Habit
Habit
An upright (i.e. erect or ascending) and short-lived (i.e. annual or biennial) herbaceous
plant usually growing 40-100 cm tall, but occasionally reaching up to 1.5 m in height. It
forms a basal rosette of leaves during the early stages of growth.
Distinguishing Features
Distinguishing Features
an upright herbaceous plant usually growing 40-100 cm tall.
it forms a basal rosette of large, deeply lobed leaves during the early stages
of growth.
its smaller and narrower upper leaves are alternately arranged and less
lobed than the lower leaves.
its white, pale yellow, lilac, pink or purplish flowers (18-40 mm across) have
four petals are borne in loose elongated clusters at the tips of the branches.
its elongated fruit (3-9 cm long and 3-6 mm wide) are borne on stalks 1-3 cm
long and end in a tapering 'beak' (1-3 cm long).
these fruit break up into several one-seeded segments when mature.
Seedling
Seedling
The two seed leaves (i.e. cotyledons) are heart-shaped (i.e. cordate) with deeply
indented tips (i.e. emarginate apices). They are hairless (i.e. glabrous) and borne on
relatively long stalks (i.e. petioles). The first true leaves are bluntly toothed (i.e. crenate)
whitish flowers with conspicuous darker veins (Photo:
Sheldon Navie)
close-up of pale yellow flowers (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
immature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
mature fruit (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS
Database)
seedlings with heart-shaped cotyledons (Photo: Sheldon
or somewhat lobed with rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices). They are roughly hairy (i.e.
pubescent) with prominent veins.
Stems and Leaves
Stems and Leaves
The stems are rounded or slightly angled and often bluish-green to purplish in colour.
They may be unbranched or produce a few long branches near the base of the plant.
The leaves are green or bluish-green in colour, covered with scattered stiff hairs (i.e.
they are hispid), and are slightly rough to the touch (i.e. scabrous). Lower leaves (15-30
cm long and 5-10 cm wide) are stalked (i.e. petiolate), deeply lobed (i.e. pinnatisect), and
have irregularly toothed (i.e. crenate or serrate) margins. Stem leaves are alternately
arranged and the uppermost leaves are smaller (up to 7.5 cm long), narrower, and less
lobed or toothed than the lower leaves.
Flowers and Fruit
Flowers and Fruit
The flowers (18-40 mm across) are borne on stalks (i.e. pedicels) and are arranged in
loose elongated clusters at the tips of the branches (i.e. in terminal racemes). They
have four petals (1-2 cm long) with conspicuous veins and may be white, pale yellow,
lilac, pink or purplish in colour. Flowering occurs mostly from winter through to early
summer.
The elongated fruit resembles a pod (i.e. siliqua) and is slightly to strongly constricted
between each of the seeds. These fruit (3-9 cm long and 3-6 mm wide) are borne
upright (i.e. semi-erect) or spreading on stalks 1-3 cm long and terminate in a tapering
'beak' (1-3 cm long). They are green or purplish when immature, but turn yellowish-
brown or greyish in colour as they mature. When fully mature, they readily break up into
3-10 barrel-shaped segments (3-7 mm long and 2-5 mm wide), each segment
containing a single seed. The seeds are egg-shaped (i.e. ovoid) or almost rounded in
shape (1.5-4 mm long), with a finely pitted surface, and are reddish or yellowish-brown
in colour.
Reproduction and Dispersal
Reproduction and Dispersal
Reproduction in this species is only by seed, which are spread shorter distances by
wind, water, animals and human activities. Dispersal via contaminated agricultural
produce is thought to be the most significant means of long range spread.
Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact
While this species is mostly a weed of agricultural areas and habitation, wild radish
(
Raphanus raphanistrum) is also troublesome in natural vegetation in some areas. It is
seen as an environmental weed in Victoria and Western Australia and during a recent
survey was listed as a priority environmental weed in two Natural Resource
Management regions.
In Victoria, wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) is listed as a major environmental
weed in Kinglake National Park. It is also present in other conservation areas in this
state (e.g. Organ Pipes National Park) and appears on environmental weed lists for
Knox City, Boroondara City and the Colac-Otway Shire.
Wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) was also recently ranked as a mild environmental
weed in the Environmental Weed Strategy for Western Australia. It occasionally grows
amongst disturbed natural vegetation in this state, including in mallee, salmon gum,
and York gum woodlands.
Though wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) has not often been seen as an
environmental weed in other parts of Australia, it certainly occupies natural habitats in
other states. It has been recorded in several conservation areas in South Australia (e.g.
Onkaparinga River National Park, Belair National Park, Deep Creek Conservation Park,
Kyeema Conservation Park, Horsnell Gully Conservation Park and Sturt Gorge
Recreation Park) and in Kinchega National Park in south-western New South Wales. It is
also a common weed of riparian vegetation around Brisbane in south-eastern
Queensland.
Other Impacts
Other Impacts
Wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) is a major weed of winter crops in southern and
eastern Australia, and is particularly troublesome in cereal and brassica crops. It is also
thought to be poisonous to livestock.
Legislation
Legislation
This species is declared under legislation in the following states and territories:
New South Wales: C la s s 4
C la s s 4 - a locally controlled weed. The growth and
spread of this species must be controlled according to the measures
Navie)
young plant (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
immature fruit with long 'beak' and mature one-seeded
segments (Photo: Sheldon Navie)
specified in a management plan published by the local control authority and
the plant may not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed (in a minority
of local authority areas). See the New South Wales Department of Primary
Industries Noxious Weeds List at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au for more detailed
information on which local areas are covered in these declarations.
Western Australia: Unassessed - this species is declared in other states or
territories and are prohibited until assessed via a weed risk assessment
(throughout the entire state).
Management
Management
For information on the management of this species see the following resources:
Moore and Wheeler (2002),
Southern Weeds and their Control, pp. 42-47.
Similar Species
Similar Species
Wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) may be confused with numerous closely related
weedy plants (e.g.
Diplotaxis spp., Brassica spp., Sinapis spp., Sisymbrium spp.,
Rapistrum rugosum, Hirschfeldia incana and Myagrum perfoliatum). However, the fruit
of these species are usually less then 3 mm wide and split open when mature, instead
of breaking up into one-seeded segments.
It can also be distinguished from two less common naturalised radishes (i.e.
Raphanus
maritimus and Raphanus sativus) by the following differences:
wild radish (
Raphanus raphanistrum) fruit are relatively long (3-9 cm long)
and slender (3-5 mm wide). They are constricted between the seeds and
break up into one-seeded segments when mature.
sea radish (
Raphanus maritimus) fruit are relatively small (2-6 cm long) and thick (5-8 mm wide). They are constricted between the seeds
and break up into one-seeded segments when mature.
garden radish (
Raphanus sativus) fruit are relatively short (2-6 cm long) and thick (5-10 mm wide). They are not constricted between the
seeds and do not break up into one-seeded segments when mature.
Fact sheets are available from Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) service centres and our Customer Service Centre (telephone 13
25 23). Check our website at
www.biosecurity.qld.gov.au
to ensure you have the latest version of this fact sheet. The control methods referred to in this fact sheet
should be used in accordance with the restrictions (federal and state legislation, and local government laws) directly or indirectly related to each control method. These
restrictions may prevent the use of one or more of the methods referred to, depending on individual circumstances. While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of
this information, DEEDI does not invite reliance upon it, nor accept responsibility for any loss or damage caused by actions based on it.
Copyright © 2016. All rights reserved. Identic Pty Ltd. Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland.
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