Introduction to Operating Systems

Introduction to Operating Systems
Get ready to dive into the world of operating systems. Learn about the essential functions that keep your computer running smoothly.
bajardi:Jumayev Botir
tekshirdi :Qahramonov Elbek
The Kernel: The Core of an OS
Memory Management
The kernel manages the allocation of memory resources and ensures efficient utilization.
Process Management
It schedules processes, assigns them resources, and controls their execution.
Device Management
Handles communication between hardware devices and software applications.
File System Management
Manages the organization and retrieval of files on storage devices.
User Interaction: The GUI and Shell
1
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Allows users to interact with the computer through visual elements like windows, icons, and menus.
2
Command-Line Interface (CLI)
Enables users to interact with the system by entering text commands.
3
Shell
Provides the command interpreter, allowing users to execute commands and access system functions.
Process Scheduling
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
The simplest scheduling algorithm that assigns resources in the order of arrival.
Shortest Job Next (SJN)
Prioritizes the process with the shortest burst time, minimizing waiting time.
Round Robin (RR)
Allocates equal time slices to processes in a cyclic manner, ensuring fairness.
Memory Management Techniques
Paging
Divides memory into fixed-sized pages, allowing for efficient use of physical memory.
Segmentation
Divides memory into logical segments of variable sizes, enabling flexible memory allocation.
Virtual Memory
Simulates additional memory by using secondary storage as an extension of RAM.
File Systems
1
FAT File System
A simple and widely compatible file system used by early versions of Windows.
2
NTFS
The current file system used by modern versions of Windows, offering improved security and performance.
3
EXT4
A popular file system for Linux, supporting large file sizes and robust journaling.
Input-Output Operations
1
Interrupt-Driven I/O
I/O devices send interrupts to the CPU when they require attention, allowing for efficient multitasking.
2
DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Permits data transfer between I/O devices and memory without involving the CPU, saving processing time.
3
Buffering
Temporary storage used to hold data during the transfer between devices, promoting smoother operation.
File Access and Security
File Access Control
Enforces permissions and determines who can read, write, or execute files.
File Encryption
Protects sensitive data by encoding it, ensuring confidentiality.
Backup and Recovery
Allows for the creation of file backups and the restoration of data in the event of data loss or corruption.
Inter-Process Communication
Shared Memory
Processes share a section of memory, allowing for fast and efficient communication.
Message Passing
Processes exchange messages through a communication medium, enabling inter-process collaboration.
Synchronized Communication
Processes coordinate their actions based on synchronization primitives, ensuring orderly execution.
System Security and Protection
1
User Authentication
Verifying the identity of users before granting access to resources, safeguarding against unauthorized access.
2
Firewalls
Implementing network security policies to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic.
3
Antivirus Software
Detecting, preventing, and removing malicious software to protect computer systems from threats.
Operating System Performance Optimization
Process Synchronization
Preventing conflicts and race conditions by coordinating the execution of concurrent processes.
Memory Compression
Compressing memory pages to maximize the utilization of physical memory.
I/O Scheduling
Optimizing the order and timing of I/O operations to reduce latency and maximize throughput.
Conclusion
Congratulations! You've gained a better understanding of the fundamental functions that power operating systems. Keep exploring and mastering the world of computing.