Landscape Evolution Modelling - LAPSUS
J.E.M. Baartman, A.J.A.M. Temme, J.M. Schoorl, L. Claessens, W. Viveen, W. van
Gorp and A. Veldkamp
Wageningen University, Land Dynamics Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands. E-mail: jantiene.baartman@wur.nl
ABSTRACT
Landscape evolution modeling can make the consequences of landscape evolution
hypotheses explicit and theoretically allows for their falsification and improvement. Ideally,
landscape evolution models (LEMs) combine the results of all relevant landscape forming
processes into an ever-adapting digital landscape (e.g. DEM). These processes may act on
different spatial and temporal scales. LAPSUS is such a LEM. Processes that have in
different studies been included in LAPSUS are water erosion and deposition, landslide
activity, creep, solifluction, weathering, tectonics and tillage. Process descriptions are as
simple and generic as possible, ensuring wide applicability. Vegetation-effects can be
included. Interactions between processes are turn-based: volumes of one process are
calculated and used to update the DEM before another process starts. LAPSUS uses
multiple flow techniques to model flows of water and sediment over the landscape. Though
computationally costly, this gives a more natural result than steepest descent methods. In
addition, the combination of different processes may create sinks during modelling. Since
these sinks are not spurious, the model has been adapted to deal with them in natural ways.
This is crucial for several purposes, for instance when studying damming of valleys by
landslides, and subsequent infilling of the resulting lake with sediments from upstream.
Keywords: Landscape Evolution Modelling, LAPSUS, soil redistribution, erosion
INTRODUCTION
This extended abstract is merely a review of the work undertaken and developments into the
future with the LAPSUS model. LAPSUS is a landscape evolution model (e.g. LEM erosion
model) that combines the results of multiple landscape forming processes into one dynamic
landscape. Spatial and temporal extent and resolution may vary from slope, catchment to
basins, grids from 1 to 1000 m2, timesteps of multiple events, seasons, years, decades and
simulation periods from years to millennial.
Interactions between processes are turn-based: volumes of one process are calculated and
used to update the DEM before another process starts. Processes that have been included
in LAPSUS are water erosion and deposition, landslide activity, creep, solifluction, physical
weathering, frost weathering, tectonics and tillage (See Figure 1).
Process descriptions are as simple and generic as possible, ensuring wide applicability.
Vegetation-effects are included to different degrees in different case studies. LAPSUS uses
multiple flow techniques to model the flow of water and sediment over the landscape. This is
computationally costly, but yields a more natural result than steepest descent methods,
especially when combining multiple processes over multiple timesteps.
The combination of different processes may create sinks during modelling. Since these sinks
are not spurious, the model has been adapted to deal with them in a natural way. This is
crucial when studying damming of valleys by landslides, and subsequent infilling of the
resulting lake with sediments from upstream.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LAPSUS has been used for erosion and landscape evolution studies in many landscapes in
many countries. LAPSUS has been founded in the year 2000 with the development,
calibration and validation of the LAPSUS model and applications concerning land use in
Spain and Ecuador (Schoorl et al., 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006; Schoorl and Veldkamp, 2001,
2006). Firstly, the model has been extended in order to cover the process of landsliding in
New Zealand and Taiwan (Claessens et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b). Secondly,
issues of DEM resolution and the treatment of sinks and pits in the landscape have been
investigated (Temme et al., 2006, 2009) as well as stretching the models time scale to
landscape evolution time spans in South Africa (Temme and Veldkamp, 2009). Thirdly,
different applications with specific processes have been developed, for example, the model
has been used in regional nutrient balance studies in Africa (Haileslassie et al., 2005, 2006,
2007; Roy et al., 2004; Lesschen et al., 2005). aplying the model in desert environments of
Israel (Buis and Veldkamp, 2008), using LAPSUS in combination with geostatistical tools and
tillage in Canada (Heuvelink et al, 2006), investigating the faith of phosphor in the
landscapes of the Netherlands (Sonneveld et al., 2006) and new developments concerning
connectivity, agricultural terraces and land abandonment (Lesschen et al., 2007, 2009) and
the processing of feedbacks between land use and soil redistribution (Claessens et al., 2009)
Figure 1. Overview of processes incorporated within the Lapsus modelling framework (see
also www.lapsusmodel.nl)
CONCLUSIONS
Landscape evolution modelling allows for falsification and improvement of landscape
evolution hypotheses and can make the consequences temporal and spatial explicit. Ideally,
landscape evolution models (LEMs) combine the results of all relevant landscape forming
processes into an ever-adapting digital landscape (e.g. DEM). These processes may act and
interact on different spatial and temporal scales.
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