Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology.
He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases .
His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
LIFE OF LOUIS PASTEUR
Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole in the Jura region of France, into the family of a poor tanner.
Louis grew up in the town of Arbois.
In 1854, Pasteur was named Dean of the new Faculty of Sciences in Lille. It was on this occasion that Pasteur uttered his oft-quoted remark.
In the 1870s, he applied this immunization method to anthrax, which affected cattle, and aroused interest in combating other diseases.
Pasteur's death occurred in 1895, near Paris, from complications of a series of strokes that had started in 1868
Pasteur Institute
The Pasteur Institute (French: InstitutPasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.
It is named after Louis Pasteur, who made some of the greatest breakthroughs in modern medicine at the time, including pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax bacillus and rabies virus.
The institute was founded on June 4, 1887, and inaugurated on November 14, 1888.
Medical Center of Institut Pasteur, Paris
EDWARD ANTHONY JENNER
Edward Anthony Jenner was an English physician and scientist from Berkeley, Gloucestershire, who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine.
He is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other man.
In 2002, Jenner was named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.
LIFE OF EDWARD ANTHONY JENNER
Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749(6 May Old Style) in Berkeley, as the eighth of nine children.
His father was the vicar of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education.
Jenner trained from the age of 17 for eight years in Chipping Sodbury,South Gloucestershire, as an apprentice to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon.
Jenner earned his MD from the University of St Andrews in 1792.
Jenner is also credited with advancing understanding of angina pectoris.
In 1806, Jenner was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was born in Clausthal-Zellerfeld in the Harz Mountains, then part of Kingdom of Hanover, as the son of a mining official.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings.
Robert Koch died on 27 May 1910 from a heart-attack in Baden-Baden, at the aged of 66 years.
LIFE OF HEINRICH HERMANN ROBERT KOCH
He studied medicine under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle at the University of Göttingen and graduated in 1866.
He then served in the Franco-Prussian War and later became district medical officer in Wollstein (Wolsztyn), Prussian Poland.
In 1885, he became professor of hygiene at the University of Berlin.
1891 he was made Honorary Professor of the medical faculty and Director of the new Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases (eventually renamed as the Robert Koch Institute), a position from which he resigned in 1904.
Probably as important as his work on tuberculosis, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905.
The Robert Koch Institute is the German federal institution responsible for disease control and prevention.
It is located in Berlin and Wernigerode and is part of the Federal Ministry of Health.
The Institute was formed by Robert Koch in 1891 as The Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases.
The Institute prepares a report on cancer in Germany every two years. The institute also plays a role in advising the German government on outbreaks, such as the 2009 swine flu outbreak.
Robert Koch Institute And Memorial
WILLIAM NICHOLSON
William Nicholson was a renowned English chemist and writer on "natural philosophy" and chemistry, as well as a translator, journalist, publisher, scientist, and inventor.
He was the son of a solicitor from London, who practiced in the Inner Temple.
William Nicholson died in Bloomsbury at the age of 61 on 21 May 1815.
On 12 December 1783, Nicholson was elected to the "Chapter Coffee House Philosophical Society.
Nicholson communicated to the Royal Society in 1789 two papers on electrical subjects.
In 1797 he began to publish and contribute to the Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, generally known as Nicholson's Journal, the earliest work of its kind in Great Britain— the publication continued until 1814.
In 1799 he established a school in London's Soho Square, where he taught natural philosophy and chemistry, with the aid of a grant of £1,500 from Thomas Pitt.
He also wrote an autobiography which was extant in manuscript at the end of the 19th century, but has since been presumed lost.
INVENCTION OF WILLIAM NICHOLSON
After leaving school, he made two voyages as a midshipman in the service of the British East India Company. His first ship was called The Boston and the second ship was The Gatton.
ALEXXANDER FLEMING
Fleming was born on 6 August 1881 at Lochfield, a farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, Scotland
He was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.
He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.
In 1999, Time magazine named Fleming one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.
In 1955, Fleming died at his home in London because of a heart attack. He was buried at St Paul's Cathedral.
LIFE OF ALEXXANDER FLEMING
Fleming went to Loudoun Moor School and Darvel School, and earned a two-year scholarship to Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London, where he attended the Royal Polytechnic Institution.
He qualified MBBS from the school with distinction in 1906.
On 23 December 1915, Fleming married a trained nurse, Sarah Marion McElroy of Killala, County Mayo of Ireland.
Fleming's first wife, Sarah, died in 1949. Their only child, Robert Fleming who became a General Medical Practitioner.
After Sarah's death, Fleming married Dr. Amalia Koutsouri-Vourekas, a Greek colleague at St. Mary's, on 9 April 1953 and she was died in 1986.
In 2002, Fleming was named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a nationwide vote
