Last updated in Dec 2017 ©NISER
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Determination of Planck’s constant and work function of
metals using photoelectric effect
Objective
I.
To determine Planck’s constant ‘
h’ from the stopping voltages measured at different
frequencies (wavelengths) of light.
II.
To determine the work function “
φ
” of a metal.
Introduction
One of the most important experiments from the early 20
th
century
was the photoelectric
effect experiment. In this experiment, shining light upon a metal surface may cause electrons
to be emitted from the metal. In 1905, Albert Einstein working
in a Swiss patent office
published a paper in which he explained the photoelectric effect. He argued that light was not
a wave – it is
particulate – and it travels in little energy bundles (or packets) called
photons.
The energy of one of these photons is
hν, where
h is the fundamental constant of nature as
proposed by Max Planck to explain blackbody radiation, and
ν is the frequency of the photon.
This novel interpretation of light turned out to be very significant and secured a Nobel Prize
for Albert Einstein. Robert Millikan, co-founder of the California Institute of Technology and
fellow
Nobel Prize Winner, performed the careful experimental verification of Einstein’s
predictions.
Theory:
An electron in a metal can be modelled as a particle in an average potential well due to the
net attraction and repulsion of protons and electrons. The minimum depth that an electron is
located in the potential well is called the work function of the metal,
Φ (see Fig. 1). In other
words, it is a measure of the amount of work that must be done on the electrons (located in
the well) to make it free from the metal. Since different metal atoms have different number of
protons, it is reasonable to assume that the work function (
Φ) depends on the metal. This is
also supported by the fact that different metals have different values for electrical properties
that should depend on the electron binding including conductivity.
The electron in the
potential well of a metal is shown below in Fig. 1. It is analogous to
a marble trapped in a
water-well. The shallower the well (i.e. the lower the work function “
Φ”), less is the energy