Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Environmental CWA analysis
Paula Vanninen
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical
Weapons Convention, VERIFIN
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Sediment sampling
IO PAS, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
LEPA, Environmental Protection Agency, Lithuania
FI, Thünen Institute (Germany)
SYKE, Finnish Environment Institute
Analysis of CWA-related chemicals
FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden
MUT, Military University of Technology (Poland)
VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki (Finland)
Analysis of arsenic concentration
IO PAS, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
MUT, Military University of Technology (Poland)
LEPA, Lithuania Environmental Protection Agency
CHEMSEA partners in WP3
WP3: Summary of the results of the sediment analysis
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Studied dumping areas
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Major chemicals
and amounts dumped in Bornholm
Sulphur mustard (H)
7 000 tons
Clark I (DA)
~1 000 tons
Adamsite (DM)
1 500 tons
α-Chloroacetophenone (CN)
500 tons
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Sulphur mustard-related chemical
– Mustard + several of its degradation products
Arsenic-containing chemicals
– Adamsite + its degradation products
– Clark I + its degradation products
– Arsenic oil (e.g. triphenylarsine)
Other agents
– α-chloroacetophenone
Studied CWA related chemicals
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Analysis of environmental samples
–
Totally 178 individual sediment samples analysed and 9 sediment
cores
–
87 VERIFIN, 73 MUT, 89 FOI
–
10 VERIFIN, 10 MUT, 11 FOI pore water samples
–
Sediment core samples (3 cores each lab) 30 VERIFIN, 36 MUT, 18
FOI
–
Totally 364 sample analysis at 187 sample stations
–
Totally ca. 17 analytes studied, ca. 6000 analysis
–
Inorganic As 59 LEPA, 47 MUT, 178 IOPAS
Merging of analytical data of environmental samples with
hydrographical data
–
Data processed by PMA
WP3 Status: accomplished
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Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Sampling sites
& results
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Sampling sites
& results
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Sampling sites
& results
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Positive and
negative findings
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Bornholm
Gotland
Gdańsk Deep
Gulf of Gdańsk
Słupsk Furrow
Numb
er
o
f samp
les
Sampling area
Positive
Negative
WP3: Summary of the results of the sediment analysis
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
0
500
1000
1500
1
11
21
Most concentrated
findings
Sulphur mustard -related chemicals in CHEMSEA project
0
500
1000
1500
1
11
21
Arsenic chemicals in CHEMSEA Project
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
µg/kg
µg/kg
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Total arsenic in
different areas
Differences between
As concentrations
in samples
from different
sampling points
are STATISTICALLY
SIGNIFICANT
ANOVA: p=0.0158
with confidence
interval 95%
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
182 sediment samples have been analysed
– 59
positive
samples (32 %)
– Intact sulphur mustard detected
(although very low concentration)
– Arsenic levels up to 25 mg/kg
(but not higher)
Bornholm
– arsenic-containing
chemicals similar to MERCW
– sulphur mustard-related
chemicals verified,
but still quite low amounts
Gotland
– Dumping verified
– Lower levels than in Bornholm
(as expected)
Gdansk
– Proof of dumping
(not listed in HELCOM 1994 Report)
Summary
Analysis of chemical warfare agent related chemicals…
Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
Point contamination
–
Fractal contamination pattern
–
Munitions spread unhomogenously
–
Chemicals at molecular level unevenly distributed
Only one sample contained intact agent- sulphur mustard, not a
problem of sensitivity of the methods applied (LOQ less than 3 ppb ;
3 μg/kg)
Fate of sulphur mustard; totally polymerized in the Baltic Sea?
Unresolved questions
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Part-financed by
the European Union
(European Regional
Development Fund)
The sulfur mustard-related findings do not reflect the high
amount dumped in the sea. Several hypotheses for the absence
of mustard-finding can be presented. Reasons for this could be
that mustard is
–
in an form not detected in the current analysis (i.e. as some other
degradation product),
–
not spreading to the sediment (e.g. due to formation of insoluble
lumps),
–
removed from the sediment surrounding the dumped munitions
and containers (e.g. by hydrolysis and subsequent dissolution in
sea water and dilution beyond detection or possibly by bacterial
consumption of thiodiglycol) or
–
not actually bound to sediment after removal from munitions or
containers.
Unresolved questions
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