Phytochemical screening and evaluation of biological activity of root extracts
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE M. Madhavi* and M. Raghu Ram Department of Botany & Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Since ancient times, about 80 % of individuals use traditional medicine, which has chemical compounds derived from medicinal plants 1, 2 .
form of whole plant, crude extract or purification, purified constituents are used in indigenous system of medicines and are of great importance to the health of individual and communities, which have ultimately evaluated into the modern therapeutic science. Medicinal plants are important source of life saving drugs for majority of the world population 3, 4 .
Research Article ABSTRACT Phytochemical constituents are non-nutritive plant chemicals that have preventive and curative properties of disease. The use of plants and phytochemicals, both with known biological properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatment. The present study includes phytochemical screening and quantification of secondary metabolites and their biological activities of root extract of Syzygium samarangense. Phytochemical screening of the plant root extracts with ethyl acetate, methanol and water showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. In aqueous extracts, Terpenoids with highest quantity (81.923 micrograms per gram extract) were estimated, whereas flavonoids are present only in methanolic extract and with an estimated quantity of 33.687 µg /per gram extract. Anti oxidant, anti inflammatory, and anti diabetic activity of these root extracts reveal that methanoilc extracts with flavonoids showed the high antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial activity than the aqueous and ethyl acetate extract. Highest antidiabetic activity was observed in aqueous extract. Antimicrobial activity study reveals that gram positive bacterial strains are more sensitive than the gram negative bacteria to all the three types of root extracts. The present study reveals that the root extract of Syzygium samarangense is a potential source for phytochemicals for traditional use as therapeutics. Keywords: Syzygium samarangense (wax jambu), flavonoids, terpenoids.
IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
jambu) is a plant species in the family Myrtaceae which is widely cultivated in the tropics 5-13 . There
are lot of traditional claims has been reported of leaves, root, bark, fruits of the plant 14-17 . Various Pharmacological Activities like Antidiarrhoeal Activity, Anticholinesterase Activity, Immunopharmacological Activity, Cytotoxic Activity, Anti hyperglycaemic activity, Analgesic and Anti- Inflammatory activity are reported with various parts of the plant 18-25 . And also Investigators have
found their
principal constituent to be tannins, Quercetin glycosides, monoterpenes secondary metabolites those involved in pharmacological properties 26, 27 .
Syzygium samarangense is used in dysentery and amenorrhea and also used as abortifacient. Root is used as diuretic and is given to alleviate edema. Malayans use powdered dried root preparations for itching. As plant root has significant therapeutic uses, this study is aimed to screen the phytochemicals of the root and study of its biological activities. The literature review proves that the plant is rich with many medicinal and bioactive compounds like flavanoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpinoids etc. various studies are reported these compounds in various areal parts of the plant. K. M. Moneruzzaman et al 14 flavonoids (914.1 mg/100g) and phenolic (326.67 mg GAE/100g) content from the Syzygium samarangense plant where in our study root is reported as 3mg/100grams. Wu YZ et al 24 , investigated the
chemical constituents from the branches and leaves with 95% ethanol, then partitioned with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. M.O. Edema et al 36 , studied on
Syzygium samarangense juice extracts and evaluated high amounts of saponins content (4.77%). Mario J. Simirgiotis et al 37 , reported the six quercetin glycosides on the methanolic extracts of the pulp and
seeds of
the fruits
of Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry (Blume). Vasanthi et al 38 , reported the total phenolic content (162.58±0.51 μg/mg), total flavonoid contents (310μg/mg) of Syzygium samarangense Fruit extract (SSFE) where the study with roots are reported 46.944 µg and 23.056 µg per gram in methanolic and water extract respectively. G. R
39 , reported the two flavonol glycosides. Ghayur MN et al [40], reported four flavonoids isolated from the hexane extract. Evangeline C. Amor et al 18 , isolated four rare C-methylated flavonoids with a chalcone and a flavanone the compounds from the hexane extract of the leaves. Dennis D. Raga et al 41 , isolated the Cycloartenyl stearate (1a), lupenyl stearate (1b), sitosteryl stearate (1c), and 24- methylenecycloartanyl stearate (1d) (sample 1) from the air-dried leaves. Samy MN et al 42 ,
cyanogenic glucoside) from a MeOH extract of the leaves. Rachana Srivastava et al 43 , isolated the new triterpene, methyl 3epibetulinate in its native form and 4′,6′dihydroxy2′ methoxy3′, 5′dimethyl chalcone along with ursolic acid, jacoumaric acid and arjunolic acid have been isolated from the aerial parts. However the study with root extracts reported that root reported with high terpenoid content which is not reported earlier. And it is also reported that root is another alternate source for flavonoid and phenoilc groups. Anti oxidant, anti inflammatory, and anti diabetic activity of these three root extracts conducted in order to study the biological activity of the plant. Anti oxidant activity of the extract was conducted by DPPH scavenging activity. Results reveal
that methanolic extracts which consist of flavonoids has shown the high antioxidant activity
IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
(88.021%) (table-3 and graph A) than the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts at 40 µg/ml extract concentration. Similar studies are reported by the Fonseca A et al 44 , investigated the antioxidant activity (0.9 μMol TROLOX®/mg) of the fruit. Vasanthi et al 38 , reported that IC50 value of antioxidant activity of the fruit extract found to be 140 μg/ml in standard (Lascorbic acid), 280 μg/ml in SSFE by DPPH and ABTS.+ scavenging activity found to be the IC50 value 175 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml respectively. No one has reported with root extracts and found that similar antioxidant activity as fruit. Antidiabetic activity (table-4 and graph B) of the root extracts was studied by In vitro α - amylase inhibition activity by Spectrophotometric method. Results showed that dose dependent inhibition was observed with all the samples where as aqueous extract (92.626%) exhibited the highest activity than remaining two extracts. No antidiabetic activity studies are reported with S. Samarangense. Anti inflammatory activity (table- 5) of the root also studied with all three extracts and among them methanolic extracts (84.552%) showed the highest anti inflammatory activity. In literature Shabnam Mollika et al 45 , reported evaluated the moderate effect anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of leaves in mice. Dennis D. Raga et al 41 , reported that the leaves exhibited potent analgesic and anti- inflammatory activities at effective doses of 6.25 mg/kg body weight and 12.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively. This reveals theat no one has reported the anti inflammatory activity with root and potential activity was reported in our study. Antimicrobial activity result (table-6 and figure-3) reveals that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative ones towards the plant extracts studied. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus strains are shown more inhibition zone than gram negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi. Previous studies are also reported the antimicrobial activity of the different areal plant extracts. S.
46 , evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the volatile oil from the leaf of Syzygium samarangense on Escherichia coli. Abd Aziz et al 47 , evaluated antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extracts of the leaves of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was determined to be 20 mg/mL. K.
48 , evaluated the antimicrobial properties of fruits, against certain bacterial and fungal strains with petroleum ether and methanol extracts found to be effective on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. M.O. Edema et al 36 , reported that juice extracts have significant (P<0.05) antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. Consolacion Y. Ragasa et al 49 , elucidated the dichloromethane extract of the leaves exhibited moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans, low activity against T. mentagrophytes and low antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. It was inactive against B. subtilis and A. niger. In comparison with the literature studies root extracts of S. samarangense also have significant antimicrobial active compounds with low minimum inhibition concentration. Studies proved that compounds in plant extracts have potential activity against gram positive bacteria than gram negative.
extraction are Methanol and Ethyl Acetate. The reagents used for phytochemical screening and estimation were of laboratory reagent grade and were purchased for Merck chemicals private limited, Mumbai, Fisher scientific, Mumbai and SD fine chemicals Mumbai. Distilled water has been used for aqueous extraction. Alpha amylase enzyme was purchased from Sigma Aldrich chemicals, Ofloxacin drug.
Denver
electronic balance, TECHCOMP – UV 2301 Double Bean UV Visible Spectrophotometer with HITACHI 2.2 software, Tech-comp UV
visible spectrophotometer, soxhlet extraction apparatus, heating mantle, incubator, autoclave.
samarangense plants were collected from farms in various places of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The roots are separated and allowed to shade dry. The root sample was ground and powdered for solvent extraction.
The
phytochemicals present in the roots of the collected plants were isolated using different solvents like ethyl acetate, methanol and water in a series of extraction method from low polarity to high polarity using soxhlet extraction method. Microbial test strains for antibiotic activity The bacterial strains used for screening of antimicrobial activity are Salmonella typhi,
IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
Phytochemical analysis of the root extracts was performed by following standard methods Preliminary phytochemical screening 1. Test for steroids Salkowski Test Few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to the plant extract, shaken and on standing; lower layer turns red in colour. Liebermann Burchard’s Test To the extract, few drops of acetic anhydride was added and mixed well. 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is added from the sides of test tube, a reddish brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers.
Few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to the extract, shaken and on standing, lower part turns golden yellow colour.
To the extract, few drops of acetic anhydride was added and mixed well. 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is added from the sides of test tube, a red ring indicates triterpenes. Ischugajiu Test Excess of acetyl chloride and pinch of zinc chloride are added to the extract solution, kept aside for reaction to subside and warmed on water bath, cosin red colour is produced. Brickorn and Brinar Test To the extract, few drops of chlorosulfonic acid in glacial acetic acid (7:3) are added, red colour is produced.
Small amount of extract is shaken with little quantity of water; the foam produced persists for 10 minutes. It confirms the presence of saponins.
To 2ml of 1.8% Sodium chloride solution in two test tubes, 2ml distilled water is added to one and 2ml of 1% extract to the other, 5 drops of blood is added to each tube and gently mixed with the contents. Haemolysis observed under the microscope in the tube containing the extract indicates the presence of saponins.
4. Test for Steroidal Saponin The extract is hydrolysed with sulphuric acid and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer is tested for steroids.
The extract is hydrolysed with sulphuric acid and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer is tested for triterpenoids.
The acid layer when mixed with Mayer’s
reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide solution) gives creamy white precipitate. Dragendroff’s Test The acid layer with a few drops of Dragendroff’s reagent (Potassium bismuth iodide) gives reddish brown precipitate.
The acid layer when mixed with few drops of Wagner’s reagent (solution of iodide in
potassium iodide) gives brown to red precipitate. Hager’s Test The acid layer when mixed with few drops of Hager’s reagent (Saturated solution of pricric
acid) gives yellow coloured precipitate. 7. Tests for Carbohydrates Fehling ’s Test The extract when heated with Fehling’s A and B solutions gives an orange red precipitate showing the presence of reducing sugar.
The extract is treated with Molisch’s reagent
and concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube, a reddish violet ring shows the presence of carbohydrate. Benedict’s test The extract on heating with Benedict’s reagent, brown precipitate indicates the presence of sugar.
Barfoed’s reagent is added and boiled on water bath
for few
minutes; reddish
precipitate is observed for the presence of carbohydrate.
The extract solution with a few fragments of magnesium ribbon
and concentrated hydrochloric acid produced magenta colour after few minutes. IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
Ferric chloride test Alcoholic solution of extract reacts with freshly prepared ferric chloride solution and given blackfish green color. Lead Acetate Test Alcoholic solution of extract reacts with 10% lead acetate solution and given yellow precipitate. 9. Test for Glycosides Anthraquinone test Drug is powdered and extracted with either ammonia or caustic soda. The aqueous layer shows pink color Keller-killiani test This is for cardiac glycosides. The extract and 0.4 glacial acetic acid are mixed with ferrous chloride and 0.5 mi of concentrated sulphuric acid. The acetic acid layer shows blue color.
Treat the extract with ferric chloride solution then blue color appears if hydrolysable tannins are present and green color appears if condensed tannins are present.
To the test solution add 1% gelatin solution containing 10% NaCl, and then precipitate is formed.
Test for chlorogenic acid Treat the test solution with aqueous ammonia and expose to air gradually, green color is developed. Quantitative analysis of Phenoilc Compounds The total phenolic content in different solvent extracts was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu’s reagent (FCR). In the procedure, 1ml of extract was mixed with 0.4 ml FCR (diluted 1:10 v/v). After 5 min 4 ml of sodium carbonate solution was added. The final volume of the tubes were made up to 10 ml with distilled water and allowed to stand for 90 min at room temperature. Absorbance of sample was measured against the blank at 765nm using a spectrophotometer. A calibration curve was constructed using gallic acid solution as standard and total phenolic content of the extract was expressed in terms of milligrams of gallic acid per gram of dry weight. Determination of total flavonoid content Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) according to a known method using quercetin as a standard. The plant extract (1 ml) was added to 3 ml distilled water followed by 5% NaNO 2 (0. 3ml). After 5 min at 25°C, AlCl 3 (0.3 ml, 10%) was added. After further 5 min, the reaction mixture was treated with 2.0 ml of 1 M NaOH. Finally, the reaction mixture was diluted to 10ml with water and the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. A calibration curve
was constructed using quercetin solutions as standard and total phenolic content of the extract was expressed in terms of milligrams of quercetin per gram of dry weight.
To 1ml of plant extract 2 ml of chloroform was mixed in extract of plant sample and 3 ml of sulphuric acid were added in sample extract. Reddish brown color was obtained in the test tube. Final volume in the test tube was made up to 10ml with water. The absorbance of the formed color was measured at 538nm against reagent blank prepared similarly without plant extract. Linalool was
used as
standard terpenoid.
The antioxidant activity of the different root extracts was determined on the basis of their scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1- dipheny1- 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. DPPH is a stable free radical containing an odd electron in its structure and usually utilized for detection of the radical scavenging activity in chemical analysis. lml of each solution of different concentrations (1-500g/m1) of the extracts was added to 3 ml of 0.004% ethanolic DPPH free radical
solution. After
30 minutes
the absorbance of the preparations were taken at 517 nm by a UV spectrophotometer which was compared with the corresponding absorbance of standard ascorbic acid concentrations (1- 500µg/m1).The method described by Hatano et al was used to measure the absorbance with some modifications. Then the % inhibition was calculated by the following equation:
IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
Antidiabetic activity In vitro study α - amylase inhibition activity by Spectrophotometric method 1ml of alpha amylase and 1 ml of plant extract in a test tube and incubated at 37 ◦ C for 10 min. After pre-incubation, 1ml of 1% (v/v) starch solution was added to each tube and incubated at 37◦C for 15min. The reaction was terminated with 2 mL DNSA reagent, placed in boiling water bath for 5min, cooled to room temperature, diluted, and the absorbance measured at 546 nm. The control reaction representing 100% enzyme activity did not contain any plant extract. To eliminate the absorbance produced by plant extract, appropriate extract controls were also included.
% inhibition of alpha amylase by each plant extract can be calculated using the formula:
Anti inflammatory Activity by Albumin denaturation Assay A solution of 0.2% W/V of BSA was prepared in Tris buffer saline and PH was adjusted to 6.8 using glacial acetic acid. Stock solutions of plant extract were prepared by using methanol as a solvent. From these stock solutions 6 different concentrations of 10-500µg/ml were prepared by using methanol as a solvent. 50µl of each extract was transferred to Eppendorf tubes using 1ml micro pipette. 5ml of 0.2% W/V BSA was added to all the above Eppendorf tubes. The control consists of 5ml 0.2% W/V BSA solution with 50 µl methanol. The test tubes were heated at 72° C for 5 minutes and then cooled for 10 minutes. The absorbance of these solutions was determined by using UV/Vis Double beam spectrophotometer (Elico
SL-196) at
a wavelength of 660nm. The % inhibition of precipitation (denaturation of the protein) was determined on a % basis relative to the control using the following formula.
Antimicrobial Activity Root extracts of Syzygium samarangense were tested by agar well-diffusion method to determine the antimicrobial activity. Nutrient agar (NA) plates were seed inoculated. Wells (10mm diameter and about 2 cm a part) were made in each of these plates using sterile cork borer. Stock solution of each plant extract was prepared at a different concentrations 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50,10µg/ ml in different plant extracts viz. Methanol, ethyl acetate, water. About 100 µl of different concentrations of plant solvent extracts were added with sterile syringe into the wells and allowed to diffuse at room temperature for 2hrs. Control experiments comprising inoculum without plant extract were set up. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h. The diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured and the activity index was also calculated. Triplicates were maintained and the experiment was repeated thrice, for each replicates the readings were taken in three different fixed directions and the average values were recorded. Oflaxacin drug was used as standard antibacterial agent and compared with the standard results. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Secondary metabolites present in the plants are responsible for the biological activities such as hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimalarial, anticholinergic, antileprosy etc. The preliminary screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of bioactive may lead to medicinal plant drug discovery and development of phytomedicine. In the present study the root of Syzygium samarangense (wax Jambu) was screened for determination of it’s
phytochemicals in
three different solvent systems. Among the three, aqueous extracts were proved to contain more number of compounds than other two solvents extracts. In aqueous extract, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, roteins and aminoacids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds were identified. Tannins, Flavonoids, terpenoids, Phenolic Compounds were indentified in the methanolic
IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
extract. In Ethyl acetate extract only Terpenoids are identified. In continuation quantitative analysis of the extracts has conducted to estimate terpenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids (table 1 and fig 2).
Terpenoids were detected with highest quantity (81.923 micrograms per gram extract) in aqueous extracts than other phytochemicals. Terpenoids were detected with 48.461µg quantity in methanolic extract and 35.385 µg in ethyl acetate extract. Whereas flavonoids are only present in methanolic extract and amount of flavanoid quantified was 33.687 µg /per gram extract. Similarly phenolic compounds were reported in methanolic and water extracts with estimates as 30.156µg/g and 23.056 µg per gram extract respectively. Our results were in agreement with findings of the medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that have definite physiological functions in the human body. Different phytochemicals have been found to possess a wide range of medicinal properties, which may help in protection against various diseases.
In the present investigation, primary and secondary metabolites of the root were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed then the biological activity (anti oxidant, anti inflammatory, and anti diabetic) was studied. Further evaluation of phytochemicals and their activity is needed for knowing the nutritional potential as well as helpful in manufacturing new drugs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Head, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, ANU for providing the facilities and also thankful to management, Hindu College of
Pharmaceutical sciences for permitting to do research analysis.
Table 1: Phytochemical screening of root extracts of Syzygium samarangense S. No. Name of the tests Ethyl acetate extract Methanolic extract Water extract 1 Alkaloids -ve -ve
+ve 2 Carbohydrates -ve -ve
+ve 3 Glycosides -ve -ve
-ve 4 Saponins -ve -ve
+ve 5 Tannins -ve +ve
+ve 6 Proteins & Aminoacids -ve +ve
+ve 7 Flavanoids -ve +ve
-ve 8 Terpenoids +ve +ve
+ve 9 Phenolic Compounds -ve +ve
+ve
Flavanoid test Terpenoid test
Fig. 2: images of phytochemical screening of root extract of Syzygium samarangense (flavonoids, terpenoids tests) IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
Terpenoids Ethyl Acetate 35.385
Methanolic 48.461
Aqueous 81.923
Flavonoids Methanolic 33.687 Phenolic Compounds Methanolic 30.156
Water 23.056
S. No. Concentration in µg/ml Ascarbic Acid EtOAc Extract MeOH Extract Water Extract 1 2 13.262 2.246
6.417 3.422
2 4 22.460 4.492 18.930
8.449 3 6 37.005 13.155
33.155 18.930
4 8 56.684 21.283 49.519
28.449 5 10 74.011 33.155
76.898 45.134
6 20
89.519 52.620
78.930 63.422
7 40
90.695 60.535
88.021 75.508
% DPPH Activity Graph A: Comparative graph of DPPH assay of S. samarangense root extracts
Table 4: α - amylase inhibition activity of S. samarangense root extracts S. No. Concentration of Sample EtOAc Extract MeOH Extract Water Extract % of α -Amylase inhibition 1 5µg/ml 7.709 13.408
17.207 2 10µg/ml 9.385 20.223
28.603 3 15µg/ml 11.173 26.033
41.341 4 20µg/ml 21.341 34.637
52.849 5 25µg/ml 30.168 51.285
59.665 6 50µg/ml 38.436 75.307
76.201 7 100µg/ml 51.285 79.218
86.480 8 200µg/ml 55.866 88.715
92.626
0 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
1 0 20 40 60
o rba nce Concentration in µg/ml Conc Vs Abs Ascarbic
Acid EtOAc
Extract MeOH
Extract Water
Extract 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 %DP P H inh ibi tio n Concentration in µg/ml Conc Vs % DPPH Inhibition Ascarb
ic Acid EtOAc
Extract IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
- amylase inhibition activity of S. samarangense root extracts Table 5: Anti inflammatory activity of S. samarangense by Albumin denaturation assay S. No. Concentration of Sample EtOAc Extract MeOH Extract Water Extract % Albumin denaturation 1 10µg/ml 5.241 27.724
15.724 2 50µg/ml 13.793 35.034
19.724 3 100µg/ml 23.724 44.000
29.379 4 200µg/ml 36.414 55.448
50.069 5 400µg/ml 54.621 68.828
60.138 6 500µg/ml 60.827 84.552
70.759 Table 6: Anti microbial activity of S. samarangense root extracts S. No. Test organism Size of zones (in mm) methanolic ethyl acetate aqueous Standard 1000 µg/ml 1000 µg/ml 1000 µg/ml 500 µg/ml 1
12.7 ….
5.6 19.5
2 Escherichia coli 19.2
11.2 17.5
28.7 3
15.3 8.7
11.6 21.2
4 Bacillus subtilis 19.5
14.3 16.5
31.5 1) Salmonella typhi 2) Escherichia coli 3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4) Bacillus subtilis Fig. 3: Antimicrobial activity results of S. samarangense root extracts 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 % α - a m y la se inh ibi tio n Concentration in µg/ml α- amylase inhibition activity EtOAc Extract MeOH Extract Water Extract IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 2231
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