Propolis: Composition, Health, Medicine: a review Stefan Bogdanov
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- COMPOSITION, QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
- NON-BALSAM Wax
- Composition of raw Baccharis propolis
- COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- Considering the low suggested intake of 200 mg per day propolis has an insignificant contribution to the daily requirements regarding the basic nutrients.
- Health enhancing properties of propolis as tested in cell cultures and animal experiments Effect Tested propolis type Reference
- Biological effects of propolis components Component, propolis type Biological Activity Reference
- Biologically active ingredients in Poplar and Baccharis propolis Biological activity Propolis type,active ingredient
- Poplar
| Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.net April 2016 1
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds, Which pillage they with merry march bring home. Shakespeare, King Henry
The word propolis originates from Greek: «pro» = in front, «polis» = city. The meaning „ in front of the city„ suits well the protecting role of propolis for the bee colony. The Greek world propolis means also to glue and describes also the role of propolis to cement openings of the bee hive. Another name of propolis is bee glue. Propolis was already known in ancient Egypt, where it was probably used as an adhesive. Propolis was mentioned by the Greek philosopher Aristoteles. In his Historia animalium it was reffered to a substance which the bees smeared at the hive entrance and used as cure for bruises and sores, Crane, p. 550 of 70 . The Greeks used propolis as the principal ingredient of an exquisite perfume called “polyanthus”, which combined propolis, olibanum styrax and aromatic herbs, while the ancient Jews considered “tsori” or propolis as a medicine. The Roman scholar Plinius (23-79 A.D) postulated, that it originates in the buds of different trees like willow, poplar, elm, reed and other plants. He knew of the use of propolis as a glue in the hive and about its medicinal properties and described them in his 35 volumes Natural History. He says “Current physicians use propolis as a medicine because it extracts stings and all substances embedded in the flesh, reduces swelling, softens indurations, soothes pain of sinews and heals sores when it appears hopeless for them to mend. 265
. The Greek doctor Discorides, 1st century AD, thought that it came from Styrax: the yellow bee glue that is of a sweet scent and resembling styrax is to be chosen and which is soft and easy to spread after the fashion of mastic. It is extremely warm and attractive and is good for the drawing out of thorns and splinters. And being suffimigated it doth help old coughs and being applied it doth take away the lichens” 98 . The Arabs knew probably also about propolis. Doctor Avicenna speaks of two different kinds of wax: clean wax and black wax, the latter being probably propolis. He says: „by its strong smell it makes you sneeze“ and „has the characteristics to eliminating the spikes of the bolts and the stakes. It also rarefies cleans and soaks. 98 . In Europe it is mentioned in the herbal literatures. Other healers in the many centuries that followed also praised the use of bee products for healing. In John Gerard's famous herbal book, The History of Plants (1597), reference is also made to the use of "the resin or clammy substance of the black poplar tree buds" for healing ointments 98 . Nicholas Culpepper's famous Complete Herbal (1653), under the heading of "The Poplar Tree" states that "the ointment called propolis is singularly good for all heat and inflammations in many parts of the body and cools the heat of the wounds" 98 . In Green's Universal Herbal (1824), under Populus nigra (Black Poplar Tree), it is said that "the young leaves are an excellent ingredient for poultices for hard and painful swellings. The buds of both this and the white poplar smell very pleasantly in the spring. Being pressed between the fingers, yield a balsamic resinous substance (propolis), which smells like storax. A drachma of this tincture in broth is administered in internal ulcers and excoriations and is said to have removed obstinate or abnormal discharges from the intestines" Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.net April 2016 2 Although the main use of propolis was medical, it was used as a constituent of violin varnish. Violin builders like Stradivari, Amati and others used propolis as a constituent of their violin varnish p. 550 of 71 , Georgia is the origin of the propolis gathering Caucasian bees. In the medicine book “The Carbadini”, published in the 13th century, the author suggests that propolis is good against dental decay 98 .
At the beginning of the 20 th century a hypothesis was prevailing, that propolis is a digestion product of bee pollen 168
. In 1928 the German scientist Rösch, on the ground of meticolous observations, confirmed the hypothesis of Plinius that propolis originates from the buds of plants 270 . The Russian researcher Popravko proved this theory by comparing the composition of buds resin and the propolis 255, 256
. Now it is known that bees gather propolis from different plants, in the temperate climate zone mainly from poplar. In Brazil, a major propolis producer, the main propolis type is the green propolis from Baccharis. You can find more on the collection of different types of propolis, its use, quality, trade and application forms (with many practical recipes) in the illustrated Propolis Books online at www.bee-hexagon.net .
Table 1 A: Composition of raw poplar propolis after 25, 27, 75, 160, 253, 259, 324
BALSAM 40 - 70 % Ethanol soluble Poplar origin Phenolics Phenols, phenolic acids, esters, flavanons, dihydroflavanons, flavons, flavonols, chalkones, phenolic glycerides ;
Aliphatics: acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, benzoic acid and esters Essential oils 3-5 % ethanol soluble poplar origin Mono-, and sesquiterpenes NON-BALSAM Wax: 20-35 % Ethanol insoluble Beeswax origin Beeswax components others: ca. 5 % partly ethanol soluble bee and pollen origin Mainly minerals average ash content 2.1 % Polysaccharides:2 % Proteins, amino acids, amines and amides: 0. 7 % Traces of carbohydrates, lactones, quinones, steroids, vitamins Table 1 B: Composition of raw Baccharis propolis after
57, 74, 181, 244, 245, 277
Substances BALSAM 45 -60 % Ethanol soluble Baccharis origin Mainly cinnamic acid and derivatives, coumaric acid, prenylated coumpounds, artepillin C Minor quantities of phenolics as flavonoids, benzoic acid, aliphatic acids and esters NON BALSAM
10-15 % Ethanol insoluble Baccharis origin Prenylated compounds, alkanes and terpenoids 15-25
Ethanol insoluble Beeswax ca. 5 % partly ethanol soluble Bee and pollen origin 2.5 – 4.5 % minerals 1-2 % of carbohydrates: fructose, mannose, inositol, erythrose 1-2 %: glycerol, lower aliphatic acids, amino acids, amines Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.net April 2016 3 Propolis is composed mainly by the plant resins and exudates that bees gather. Bees add wax, and also some secretions and pollen to it. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical and thus also on its geographical origin. Several hundred different compounds have been characterised in the different propolis types. The typical components of poplar propolis are the phenolics: flavonoid aglycones, (flavones and flavanones), phenolic acids and their esters. The typical compounds of Brazilian propolis are prenylated derivatives of p-coumaric acid and of acetophenone, as well as diterpenes and lignans. The flavonoids are different from those in ‘poplar type’ propolis. The overall content of this propolis type is similar to the poplar propolis, basically containing balsamic and non balsamic components. It contains a main part of plant derived substances and minor part of bee and pollen derived substances. The chemical composition is, however very different. The balsam part of poplar propolis originates from the collected glue, while the non-balsamic constituents are added by the bees. The non-ethanol soluble part of the Baccharis propolis originating partly from the plant, besides a part of minor constituents originating partly from the plants and from the bees and from pollen. Quality requirements Proper harvesting is very important (see Propolis Book chapter one on this website). In 2010 Italian researchers characterised chemically propolis harvested with different methods: by scraping, with plastic mats or with wooden wedges. The propolis harvested with wooden wedges had the highest content of balsam, thus the best quality 234
. An Argentinian research paper recommends plastic mats as the better harvesting method than scraping, as it has lower Pb contamination 276 .
is much darker and is of lesser quality (Percie du Sert, personal communication). Contamination is an important issue . This topic is reviewed by Bogdanov. Most important contaminants are heavy metals and lipophylic synthetic acaricides used for varroa mite control. 41 . Minimal contamination can be guaranteed by using certified organic propolis. COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS The composition of propolis varies greatly depending on its geographic and botanical origin. Approximate figures for the main nutrients estimated from the qualitative data from the literature are: Proteins: max 1 g/100 g; Carbohydrates: max 1 g/100 g; Fat: max: 1 g/100 g Considering the low suggested intake of 200 mg per day propolis has an insignificant contribution to the daily requirements regarding the basic nutrients. HEALTH ENHANCING EFFECTS Hundreds of publications have appeared in the last 40 years describing the biological and health enhancing properties of propolis. The different
biological and health enhancing effects, as tested in cell experiments and animals are summarised on table 1. The effects described here were achieved in cell and animal experiments. A number of reviews have summarised the knowledge on propolis: 30, 52, 182, 223 . The health enhancing effects are divided into main and secondary. This division has been made taking into consideration the number of publications and the health significance of the effect. Most studies have been carried out with poplar and Brazilian baccharis propolis, while in some of them the propolis type was not determined. It is astonishing, that while the composition of the different type of propolis differs greatly depending on its botanical origin, the biological effects of the different propolis types are very similar: see Propolis Book One and tables 2 and 3. The main propolis types on the market are poplar and baccharis propolis. These two types of propolis have similar biological properties but the active ingredients are different (table 3).
The health enhancing effects are found in the ethanol extractable part of propolis is called balsam. The biological activity of ethanol extracts is generally tested with 70 to 100 % ethanol extracts. 60-80 % aqueous ethanol solutions have a higher biological activity than tinctures, prepared with more or less water 236, 237
Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.net April 2016 4 Table 1: Health enhancing properties of propolis as tested in cell cultures and animal experiments Effect Tested propolis type Reference Main functional effects Antibacterial All propolis types 30, 52, 97, 164, 182, 294
Antiviral All propolis types 30, 52, 97, 164, 182, 294
Antifungal All propolis types 30, 52, 97, 164, 182, 294
Against parasites Poplar, Baccharis, Cuba. Mexico 7, 83, 89, 227, 251, 325
Antiulcer (stomach, skin, buccal) Baccharis, India 31, 60, 81, 82, 130, 231, 248, 294
Antioxidant All propolis types 30, 52, 97, 97, 182
Radiation protective Poplar, Baccharis 37, 38, 102, 223, 314
Hepatoprotective All propolis types 28-30, 97
Antitumor, antimutagenic Poplar, Baccharis, Cuba, Taiwan, Marocco, Korea 6 , 3, 30, 52, 58, 85, 133, 182, 223, 252, 336
Anti-angiogenic Poplar, Baccharis, 4, 76, 77, 167, 193, 223
Cyto- and chemopreventive Poplar, Baccharis 37, 38, 223, 319
Antiinflammatory Poplar, Baccharis, Cuba, Egypt 10, 30, 129, 153, 235, 240, 264, 271, 310, 338, 338
Wound healing Different propolis types 9, 40, 189, 248, 291
Immunostimulating Poplar, Baccharis, Brazil 30, 97, 223, 257, 293
Immunomodulating (immunosuppressive in autoimmune diseases) Baccharis 218
Muscle relaxant at higher concentration Poplar, Baccharis 15, 67, 90, 150, 241, 315
Anti-diabetes Poplar, Baccharis 2, 14, 135, 147, 188, 294, 341, 345
Cardioprotective: antimyocard, antithrombogenic, antihypertensive, antiarhythmic Poplar, Bacharis, Asia, 11, 60, 65, 65, 77, 97, 130, 132, 202, 219, 231
Local anaesthetic Poplar, Bacharis 233, 324, 328
297
Improves regeneration of cartilagenious and bone tissue, dental pulp, cicatrising Poplar, Baccharis 113, 287, 288, 317, 324
Improves corneal wound healing and inflammation in rats Baccharis 186
Poplar, Baccharis, Argentine, Egypt 1, 8, 17, 156, 178, 205, 275, 303, 326
Anti-ostheoporose Poplar, Egypt 13, 91
Against scratching behaviour in mice Baccharis 297
Estrogenic Poplar 309
Against experimental rhinitis in mice Baccharis 298
Against experimental colitis in rats Popplar, Turkey, Baccharis 16, 109
Against rat colon anastomosis in rats Popplar, Turkey 154
Angiostatic in human umbilical vein endothelial cells Baccharis 63, 142
Anti-allergenic Poplar, Bacharis 214, 293, 320
No effect on basic blood parameters, protects erythrocytes against radiation, anti-aggregation effect; Poplar, Baccharis 15, 295
improves rabbit (2) and rat (3) sperm quality 1: Chile; 2: Egypt 3: Baccharis 55, 122, 273
Neurotrophic effects in PC12m3 cells Baccharis 148
Inhibits cell growth of higher plants and animals inhibits germination of wheat seedlings Poplar
15, 311
Water-soluble propolis derivative relieves scopolamine- induced amnesia in mice Poplar
59
Enhancement of the hyperthermal tolerance in immune mononuclear cells of competitive cyclists Poplar
61
Antiaging, increases life span of mice (1) reduces oxidative stress in aged mice (2) 1: Poplar: 2: Spain (poplar?) 36, 176
Poplar, Baccharis, Algeria , Australia, 53, 69, 290, 327
Protective against rabbit pasteurellosis Egypt 215
Anti-atherogenic and anti-angiogenic Baccharis, Cuba (red) Chile (brown)
78, 193
Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.net April 2016 5 Anti-depressant China, Korea, Turkey (poplar?) 169, 173
, 340
Treatment of fibrotic diseases and asthma Taiwan 149
Improves the health of mother sheep Brazil (red propolis) 209
Laxative effect in mice Baccharis 146
Anti-Alzheimer (anti advanced glycation end-products) Popplar 42
Photoprotective against skin UV radiation Popplar, Baccharis 43, 212
Poplar 35
Lipid bioactive nano-carrier for topical nasal drug delivery Sardinia (Italy) 266
Table 2 Biological effects of propolis components Component, propolis type Biological Activity Reference Polyphenols and flavonoids Mostly poplar, but present in most propolis types Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, antiaging, antiulcer, antitumor, antiallergic, antiinflammatory, antiosterporotic, antitrombogenic, antiatherosclerosis, cardioprotective, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective, sicatrising 10, 30, 52, 106, 120, 123, 179, 182, 216, 242, 264, 293
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and other caffeates Poplar, Bacharis Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, fungicide, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiosteoporosis 20, 23
, 13, 97,
289, 300
Caffeic acid (CA) Poplar, Baccharis Antiviral, Antioxidant, antiulcer, antitumor 97
Cuba, Venezuela and Brazil Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumor 20, 23
Baccharis Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumor, apoptosis inducing 20, 23
Taiwan Antioxidant, anticancer, apoptosis inducing, 20, 23
Greece, Crete, Croatia, Brazil Antibacterial, antifungal 21, 22, 46, 190, 190, 254
Essential oils Brazil, Poland Antibacterial 24, 80, 346
Furfuran lignans Canary islands Antibacterial 66
Biological activity Propolis type,active ingredient Ref. Antibacterial
19, 97, 163 19, 22, 183
Antifungal Poplar: pinocembrin, galangin, benzoic acid, salycilic acid, vanillin Baccharis: mono and sesquiterpenes, Artipellin C 100, 197
100
Antiviral Poplar: Polyphenols, phenyl- carboxylic acids, and esters of substituted cinnamic acids, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin, fisetin, quertecagetin,
97, 157
51, 164 Antioxidant Radiation protective
19, 97, 165 19, 97, 165
Hepatoprotective Poplar: different flavonoids, CAPE, ferulic acid, caffeic acid Baccharis: different prenylated p-coumaric acids, flavonoids, lignans 19, 97, 165
26, 97
Anticancer and antitumor
quercitin, genistein, rutin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kampferol, naringenin Baccharis: artipelline C, baccharin, drupanin, cinamic acid derivatives, prenylated p-coumaric acids, clerodane diterpenes,benzofuranes 19, 97, 223, 306
144, 318 19, 97, 223
Immuno modulating Poplar: CAPE, chriysin, benzylcaffeate, phenethylferrulate, cinamic acid Baccharis: caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, clerodane diterpenoid, artipelline C 105, 141, 293
293, 321
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