Red listed threatened tree species in kerala
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- Table 1. Red Listed threatened tree species recorded in some Protected Areas of Kerala
- DISCUSSION Dr. J.K. Shanua
- Dr. J.K. Shanna
- Dr. A. G. Pandurangan
- Dr A. G. Panduranagan
- Mr. V.K. Sinha
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Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi Kerala
Situated along the west coast of India and bordered by the Lakshadweep, the State of Kerala enjoys a tropical Climate. It is estimated that about 27 per cent of the area of the State is under forests. The tropical rain forests along the windward side of the Western Ghats are remarkable for their species diversity and endemism. The Western Ghats, one of the megadiversity centres in the world is also a biodiversity hotspot. The State of Kerala has an area of 38,864 km 2 , which is only 1.18 per cent of India, yet support about 25 per cent of the flora of the country. Among the 4,050 indigenous flowering plants recorded from Kerala, 812 are trees. There are 1387 Peninsular Indian endemic species and 218 among them are restricted to Kerala. Among the 822 tree species, 327 are Peninsular Indian endemics and 26 are so far known only from Kerala. According to the various publications on threatened plants, 495 species recorded from Kerala belong to the Rare and Threatened (RET) categories, including 151 tree species. The floristic studies carried out during the last three decades resulted in relocating several RET species. However, the status of the populations of these species has not yet been evaluated. Despite the recent floristic studies as many as 23 tree species could not be relocated. As per the IUCN criteria on threatened species, two species are Extinct in the wild (Ilex gardneriana and Syzygium gambleanum), 26 Critically Endangered, 63 Endangered, 38 Vulnerable and 22 species are Low Risk/near Threatened.
INTRODUCTION The Western Ghats, running parallel to the west coast of Peninsular India have a series of hill ranges covering a distance of 1600 km from Thapti Valley in Gujarat to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu traversing through the states of Maharastra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. Though the average height of the hill ranges is 1000 m, the highest peaks south of Himalayas - the Anamudi (2695 m) and Dodabattai (2637m)- are in the Western Ghats. The western side of the Western Ghats facing the Arabian Sea receives maximum rainfall and the annual precipitation varies from 2000 mm to 7450 mm. The eastern side of the Western Ghats is in the rain shadow region, therefore receives relatively less rainfall. The mean temperature is between 24°C and 20°C however, the temperature will be zero to subzero in the mountain peaks during winter. The major soil types are laterite, red loam, medium black, alluvial, red gravelly and hill soils.
Depending on the amount of rainfall, soil type and altitude, different vegetation types are formed in the Western Ghats. The dominant vegetation types are west coast tropical evergreen forests, west coast semievergreen forests, southern moist mixed deciduous forests, southern dry mixed deciduous forests and scrub jungles (Champion and Seth, 1968). At higher elevations the vegetation becomes southern montane wet temperate forests (sholas) and southern montane wet grasslands Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 1
Ecologically Fragile Lands (grasslands). Certain edaphic types such as Myristica swamp forests, bamboo breaks, reed breaks, etc. are restricted to some eco-physical regions.
The tropical rain forests, particularly the evergreen, semi-evergreen and shola forests, due to the luxuriant growth of plants of all life forms have the richest biodiversity. The Western Ghats, one of the megadiversity centres in the world is also a biodiversity hotspot. The principal plant communities in the Western Ghats are the Angiosperms. In the Western Ghats, the southern Western Ghats consisting southern parts of Karnataka, Kerala and southern Tamil Nadu are the richest in terms of diversity. Out of the 4000 species of flowering plants estimated, 3,900 occur in the southern Western Ghats and 3,800 in Kerala (Nayar, 1997). The Western Ghat is considered as one of the 18 centres in the world where mega diversity exists. The distribution pattern of the major families in the Westem Ghats and Kerala is almost the same. The State of Kerala with an area of 38,863 km 2 , is only 1.18 per cent of the whole of India, yet it supports about 25 per cent of the flora of the country.
There are 4,465 taxa of flowering plants in Kerala belonging to 1,315 genera in 192 families of which, 33 families and 68 genera are represented by one species of each (Sasidharan, personal observation). Among the 4,465 species recorded, 4050 are indigenous and the rest exotics. There are 812 species of trees in Kerala. The families dominated by tree species are Euphorbiaceae, with 67 species under 31 genera, followed by Leguminosae (65 species/35 genera), Lauraceae (55 species /l 0 genera), Rubiaceae (47 species/26 genera), Annonaceae (32 species/11 genera), Ebenaceae (25 species/one genus), Anacardiaceae (24 species/11 genera) and Clusiaceae (21 species/4 genera).
The endemic species in the flora of a geographical region are noteworthy. Among the 812 tree species in Kerala, 327 are endemic to Peninsular India and 26 are restricted to Kerala. Genera such as Poeciloneuron, Blepharistemma and Otonephelium are endemic to the Western Ghats. Among the families with arborescent endemic taxa, Lauraceae rank first with 44 endemics (out of the 55 species) followed by Euphorbiaceae (25/67), Rubiaceae (22/47), Myrtaceae (21/41), Annonaceae (17/32), Leguminosae (14/65), Anacardiaceae (13/24), Dipterocarpaceae (11/13), Ebenaceae (10/25) and Clusiaceae (10/21).
The rare and threatened plants of southern India have been documented by Joseph (1977), Henry et al. (1979), Jain and Sastry (1984), Ahmedullah and Nayar (1987) and Nayar and Sastry (1987, 1988, 1990). Nayar (1997) listed 1,272 Western Ghats taxa endemic to Kerala, 483 among them were placed under threatened categories. Based on published literature, there are 497 species recorded from Kerala that belong to the Red Listed categories, including 151 tree species (Table 1). As per the IUCN (1994) criteria the Red Listed tree species are assigned to the following categories: Extinct (2 Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 2
Ecologically Fragile Lands species), Low Risk/near threatened (22 species) Critically Endangered (26 species), Vulnerable (38 species) and Table 1. Red Listed threatened tree species recorded in some Protected Areas of Kerala Protected Area Total number of angiosperm species recorded No. of tree sps. No. of Red Listed tree species
Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 965
238 (24.7) 6 Eravikulam National Park 326 69 (21.2) 11 Peechi- Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary 829 240
(28.9) 18 Silent Valley National Park 966 198 (20.5) 20 Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuarv 1432 359 (25.0) 36 Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary 1080 298 (27.5) 53 Periyar Tiger Reserve 1978 434 (22.0) 59 Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary 951 327 (34.4) 65 Note: The figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of trees out of the total. Table 2. Red List of threatened tree species recorded in Kerala Family
Tree species Red List Category
CR
Gluta travancorica Bedd. LR/nt
Holigarna beddomei Hook. f. VU
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz LR/ nt
Nothopegia aureo-flllva Bedd. ex Hook. f. CR
Nothopegia beddomei Gamble var. wlfnaedica Ellis & Chandra. CR
LR/ nt
Semecarpus auriculata Bedd. LR/nt
Semecarpus travancorica Bedd. LR/nt
ANACARDIACEAE Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn. LR/nt
Goniothalamus rhynchantherus Dunn EN
Goniothalamus. wynaadensis (Bedd.) Bedd. LR/nt
Mitrephora grandiflora Bedd. VU
Orophea uniflora Hook. f. & Thoms. VU
Polyalthia rufescens Hook.f. & Thom. CR
Polyalthia shendurunii Basha & Sasi. EN
Sageraea grandiflora Dunn EN
ANNONACEAE Sageraea laurifolia (Graham) Blatter LR/ nt
Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 3
Ecologically Fragile Lands APOCYNACEAE
LR/nt
AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex gardneriana Wight EX
ARALIACEAE Schefflera bourdillonii Gamble EN
BONNETIACEAE Poeciloneuron pauciflorum Bedd. CR
BORAGINACEAE Cordia octandra DC. CR
Cynometra beddomei Prain EN
Cynometra travancorica Bedd. EN
Dialium travancoricum Bourd. CR
Humboldtia bourdillonii Prain. EN
Humboldtia decurrens Bedd. Ex Oliver LR/ nt
Humboldtia trijuga (Joseph & Chandras.) Mohanan CR
EN
Humboldtia vahliana Wight LR/ nt
CAESALPINIACEAE Kingiodendron pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) Harms EN CAPPARACEAE Capparis rheedei DC. LR/nt
CELASTRACEAE Ellonymus paniculatus Wight ex Lawson EN
Atuna indica (Bedd.) Kosterm. EN
CHRYSOBALANACEAE Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm. EN
Garcinia imberti Bourd. EN
Garcinia rubro-echinata Kosterm. EN
Garcin ia travancorica Bedd. VU
Garcinia wightii T. Anders. VU
CLUSIACEAE Mesua ferrea L. var. coromandeliana (Wight) Singh CR
CR
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. LR/nt
Hopea erosa (Bedd.) van Sloot. CR
Hopea glabra Wight & Arn. EN
Hopea jacobii Fischer CR
Hopea parviflora Bedd. LR/ nt
Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabber. EN
Hopea racophloea Dyer EN
Hopea utilis (Bedd.) Bole EN
Vateria indica L. VU
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Vateria macrocarpa Gupta CR
Diospyros barberi Ramas. VU
EBENACEAE Diospyros humilis Bourd. CR
Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. LR/nt
Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner VU
ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus venustlls Bedd. EN
Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 4
Ecologically Fragile Lands ERICACEAE
LR/ nt
Aporusa bourdillonii Stapf EN
Cleistanthus malabaricus Muell.-Arg. VU
Cleistanthus travancorensis Jablonszky EN
Dimorphocalyx beddomei (Benth.) Airy Shaw EN
Hoffm. EN
EN
Orypetes wightii (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm. VU
Glochidion bourdillonii Gamble VU
Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.-Arg.) Bedd. var. johnstonei (Hook. f.) Chakrab.& Gangop. VU
EUPHORBIACEAE Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. var. tomentosum (Dalz.) Chakrab. & Gangop. EN
Casearia rubescens Dalz. var. gamblei Mukh. CR Casearia wynadensis Bedd. VU
Homalium jaillii Henry & Swaminathan EN
Homalium travancoricum Bedd. VU
Hydnocarpus macrocarpa (Bedd.) Warb. VU
FLACOURTIACEAE Xylosma latifolium Hook.f. & Thoms. EN
Actinodaphne campanulata Hook.f. var. campanulata VU
EN
Actinodaphne lawsonii Gamble VU
Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr. LR/nt
Actinodaphne salicina Meisner EN
Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f. EN
Mohanan & Henry EN
EN
Cinnamomum perrottetii Meisner VU
Cinnamomum riparium Gamble VU
Cinnamomum travancoricum Gamble CR
Cryptocarya anamalayana Gamble EN
Cryptocarya beddomei Gamble VU
LAURACEAE Litsra beddomei Hook. f. EN
Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 5
Ecologically Fragile Lands Litsea travancorica Gamble EN
Neolitsea fischeri Gamble VU
MALVACEAE Julostylis polyandra Ravi et Anil Kumar EN
MELASTOMA T ACEAE Memecylon sisparense Gamble CR
Aglaia barberi Gamble EN
Aglaia bourdillonii Gamble VU
Aglaia lawii (Wight) Saldanha LR/ nt
Aglaia malabarica Sasi. CR
Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms LR/nt
Dysoxylum beddomei Hiern EN
Dysoxylum ficiforme (Wight) Gamble VU
Albizia lathamii Hole CR
MELIACEAEMIMOSACEAE Inga cynometroides (Bedd.) Bedd. ex Baker CR Myristica fatua Houtt. var. magnifica (Bedd.) Sinclair EN MYRISTICACEAE Myristica malabarica Lam. VU
MYRSINACEAE Rapanea thwaitesii Mez LR/nt
Eugenia argentea Bedd. CR
Eugenia calcadensis Bedd. VU
Eugenia discifera Gamble EN
Eugenia indica (Wight) Chithra EN
Eugenia rottleriana Wight & Arn. VU
Eugenia singampattiana Bedd. CR
Metcoromyrtus wynaadensis (Bedd.) Gamble
CR Syzygium benthamianum (Wight ex Duthie)
Gamble VU
Syzygium bourdillonii (Gamble)
Rathkr. & Nair EN Syzygium chavaran (Bourd.) Gamble EN
Syzygium courtallensis (Gamble) Alston CR
Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
VU Syzygium gambleanum Rathakr. & Chitra. EX
Syzygium myhendrae (Bedd. ex Brandis) Gamble
EN Syzygium occidentalis (Bourd.) Gandhi VU
Syzygium palghatense Gamble CR
Syzygium parmneswarnii Mohanan & Henry EN MYRTACEAE Syzygium rama-varmae (Bourd.) Chithra VU
Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 6
Ecologically Fragile Lands Syzygium stocksii (Duthie) Gamble EN
Syzygium travancoricum Gamble EN
Anacolosa densiflora Bedd. EN
OLACACEAE Chionanthus linocieroides (Wight) Bennet & Raizada EN PITIOSPORACEAE Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. LR/nt
RHIZOPHORACEAE Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) Suresh VU
Byrsophyllum tetrandrum (Bedd.) Hook. f. ex Bedd. EN
VU
Canthium pergracile Bourd. EN
Ixora agasthyamayana Sivadasan & Mohanan EN
Ridsd.
VU Octotropis travancorica Bedd. LR/nt
Psychotria beddomei Deb & Gang. EN
RUBIACEAE Psydrax ficiformis (Hook.f.) Bridson EN
RUTACEAE Vepris bilocularis (Wight & Arn.) Engl. EN
Isonandra stocksii Clarke EN
Madhuca bourdillonii (Gamble) H.J. Lam EN
Palaquium bourdillonii Brandis VU
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium ravii Sasi. & Vink EN
Eriolaena lushingtonii Dunn VU
STERCULIACEAE Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn. VU
Symplocos anamallayana Bedd. EN
Symplocos macrocarpa Wight ex Clarke ssp. kanarana (Talbot) Nooteb. VU
Symplocos macrocarpa Wight ex Clarke ssp. macrocarpa EN
Symplocos mncrophylla Wall ex A. DC. ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb. VU
Symplocos nairii Henry et al. EN
Symplocos oligandra Bedd. EN
SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos pendula Wight, EN
TILIACEAE Grewia pandaica Drumm. ex Dunn CR
EX=Extinct; CR=Critically Endangered; EN=Endangered; LR/nt=Low Risk/near threatened; VU=Vulnerable
(63 species). Among the families, Myrtaceae has 20 Red Listed tree species followed by Lauraceae (16 species), Leguminosae and Dipterocarpaceae (11 species), Euphorbiaceae and Anacardiaceae (10 species), Annonaceae and Rubiaceae (8 Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 7
Ecologically Fragile Lands species), Symplocaceae and Meliaceae (7 species), Flacourtiaceae (6 species), C1usiaceae (5 species) and Sapotaceae (4 species). Recent floristic studies have reported the rediscovery of many threatened taxa including a few that were presumed to be extinct (Ramachandran, 1982; Mohanan, 1996; Mohanan et al., 1997, 1999 & 2000; Sasidharan, 1998). However, the effort to relocate species such as
An analysis of the habitats of Red Listed species reveals that shola forests support 23 species, one species in the dry deciduous forests and the rest in the evergreen/semi- evergreen forests. The only Red Listed tree species recorded from dry deciduous forests is Albizia lathamii (Sajeev and Sasidharan, 1998).
The State of Kerala has a relatively higher percentage of protected areas. About 24 per cent of the forests have been declared as protected areas by establishing 12 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 2 National Parks. The flora of most of the protected areas have been studied recently resulting in the discovery of several new as well as threatened species (Manilal, 1988; Mohanan, 1995; Sasidharan, 1997, 1998, 1999,2002). The Red Listed tree species recorded in the Protected Areas are provided in Table 2.
Though, several Red Listed trees were rediscovered recently, quite a few of them are reported to be surviving by a few individua1s and their regeneration is extremely low (Sasidharan, 1998b). This calls for
immediate measures to enhance their population status either through assisted natural regeneration or through artificial means for conservation of RET tree species. Detailed studies are needed to understand the genetical variation in the disjunct small population of these tree species. The Red Listed trees are also to be raised in ex situ centres like arboreta and botanic gardens.
AhmeduLlah, M. and Nayar, M.P. 1987. Endemic Plants of the Indian Region. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Govt. of India Press, Delhi. Henry, AN., Vivekanandan, K. & Nair, N.C. 1979. Rare and Threatened Flowering Plants of South India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 684-697. IUCN, 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Jain, S.K. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1984. The Indian Plant Red Data Book. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Joseph, J. 1977. Floristic studies in India-with special reference to Southern Circle of Botanical Survey of India. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 19: 109-111. Manilal, K.S. 1988. Flora of Silent Valley: Tropical Rain Forests of India. Calicut University, Calicut. Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 8
Ecologically Fragile Lands Mohanan, N. 1995. Flora of Agasthymala. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam. Mohanan, N. 1996. Rediscovery of Syzygium bourdillonii (Gamble) Rathakr. & N.C. Nair (Myrtaceae), an endemic and little known species of Western Ghats. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20(3): 729-731. Mohanan, N., Jayakumar, R. and Shaju, T. 2000. On the Rediscovery of Nothopegia aureo-fulva Bedd. ex Hook.f. (Anacardiaceae), A Rare and Narrow Endemic Species of Western Ghats. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 24(1): 78-80. Mohanan, N., Shaju, T. and Kiranraj, M. S. 1999. Rediscovery of Poeciloneuron
extinct. Ann.
For. 7(1): 87-89. Mohanan, N., Shaju, T. and Rajkumar, G. 1997. Rediscovery of Garcinia imbertii (Bourd.) (Clusiaceae): A little known endemic species of Western Ghats. lndian J. Forestry 20(4): 383-385. Nayar, M. P. 1997. Biodiversity challenges in Kerala and Science of conservation Biology. In: P. Pushpangadan & K. S. S. Nair (eds.) Biodiversity of Tropical Forests:
Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1987. Red Data Book 011 Indian Plants, Vol. I. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1988. Red Data Book on Indian Plants, Vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1990. Red Data Book on Indian Plants, Vol. III. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Ramachandran, V.S., Nair, N.C. and Nair, V.J. 1982. Rediscovery of Meteoromyrtus wynnadensis (Bedd.) Gamble more than a century after its earlier collection. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79: 46-462. Sajeev, K.K. and N. Sasidharan, 1998 (1999). Albizia lathamii Hole - a critically endangered species from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 22: 629- 630. Sasidharan, N. 1997. Forest Trees of Kerala - A Checklist. KFRI Handbook No. 2. Kerala Forest Research Institute. Sasidharan, N. 1997. Studies on the Flora of Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary with Emphasis on Endemics Species. KFRI Research Report No. 128. KFRI, Peechi. Sasidharan, N. 1998a. Studies on the Flora of Periyar Tiger Reserve. KFRI Research Report No. ISO, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 9
Ecologically Fragile Lands Sasidharan, N. 1998b. Rediscovery of four threatened and possibly extinct endemic tree Legumes from Kerala. Indian J. For. (Addl. Ser.) 10: 605-613. Sasidharan, N. 1999. Study on the Flora of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report No. 167. KFRI, Peechi. Sasidharan, N. 2002. F/oristic Studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report No. 246. KFRI, Peechi. DISCUSSION Dr. J.K. Shanua: How much of the forest area do you think, in Kerala has been explored for the RET species? N.S.: In Kerala there are 14 protected areas. Only 8 have been explored. Others are being explored, but reports
are not available. Northern Kerala needs to be thoroughly explored. Dr. J.K. Shanna: Areawise, how much area has been explored? N.S: Districtwise studies are being taken up by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) and 12 districts have been already completed. Wayanad and Ernakulam have not been completed. Aralam is another important area where there is scope for further explorations. Dr. A. G. Pandurangan: What is the locality of Hopea jacobii? Does it occur in Silent Valley?
N.S.: I have seen the specimens, but there are no indications on the locality. In BSI there are specimens from Karnataka. Dr. A.G. Pandurangan: I have collected Buchnania barberi from southern Kerala. Any comment? N.S.: It could be only B. angustifolia, the type locality of which is Nadayara, Kollam. Dr A. G. Panduranagan: But we have verified the identity of the specimens of B. baraberi from Mr. Santhosh Kumar. Dr. M.P. N ayar: The concept of RET species on the basis of political boundaries (District) should be changed. As they occur in the forest areas, they should be studied on the natural geographical area basis. GIS data should be also generated. It should not be a taxonomist's job alone. KFD should initiate programmes to conserve them, otherwise they can become extinct. Trees require more attention.
Handbooks, CDs, and videos can also be brought out, so that untrained people can also understand and identify the species.
study of biodiversity, distributed throughout Kerala. And we have located the rare tree, Actinodaphne lawsonii, in two of plots in the Nilambur area. Government of Kerala FORESTS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT 10
Ecologically Fragile Lands Mr. V.K. Sinha: Do KFRI have programmes for population ecological and reproductive biological studies other than just exploration and identification? N.S.: Yes. Dr K. Balasubramaniam will review it during his presentation. Dr. C. Kunhikannan: Some of the RET plants such Ellipnnthes neglectus have been located in sacred groves. N.S.: Sacred groves are really interesting and rich in plant diversity. They should be protected. Mr. Nagesh Prabhu: Are RET species assessed on the basis of IUCN criteria? Are the ecologically valuable RET species economically also valuable? Are you going to involve forest officials in conserving the RET species?
(1994) criteria. Their website gives the details. Just as the RET species are ecologically important, many of them are economically important too. In fact, some of them are keystone species. Perhaps Dr M.P. Nayar can further highlight this aspect. We would be very happy to involve the forest officials for conservation of the RET species. Dr.M.P. Nayar: The RET species are dependant on other species for their survival- e.g. for pollinators. The relationship is actually mutual. Take the case-of Cullenia exarillata - the lion tailed macaques are dependant on it for food. Conservation biology is related to the web of life. Any break in the food chain or web will create loss of species. Keystone species are important. So a holistic ecosystem study approach is required. The recently revised IUCN criteria provide more guidelines for defining the different RET categories.
species as they have strong ecological niches. Dr Nair has indeed made some good comments on this. Since a holistic approach is required, institutions should come together to tackle the problems jointly.
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