Review of all reported species of predators of puff adders

Table 1: Review of all reported species of predators of puff adders (Bitis arietans). Species marked with * based on observations in captivity.

Order	Family	Species	Primary sensory modality	Source
Siluriformes	Clariidae	sharp-toothed catfish (Clarius gariepinus)	Olfactory/Tactile	[1]
Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	tawny eagle (Aquila rapax)	Visual	[2–3]
		augur buzzard (Buteo augur)	Visual	[4]
		jackal buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus)	Visual	[5]
		western banded snake-eagle (Circaetus cinerascens)	Visual	[5]
		southern banded snake-eagle (Circaetus fasciolatus)	Visual	[6]
		brown snake-eagle (Circaetus cinereus)	Visual	[5]
		black-chested snake-eagle (Circaetus pectoralis)	Visual	[5]
		pale chanting goshawk (Melierax canorus)	Visual	[6]
		martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus)	Visual	[6]
		bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus)	Visual	[5]
		white-headed vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis)	Visual	[7, 5]
	Sagittariidae	secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)	Visual	[5]
Coraciiformes	Bucerotidae	southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)	Visual	[8]
Gruiformes	Otididae	kori bustard (Ardeotis kori)	Visual	[6]
Passeriformes	Corvidae	pied crow (Corvus albus)	Visual	[5]
Pelecaniformes	Ardeidae	black-headed heron (Ardea melanocephala)	Visual	[6]
Artiodactyla	Suidae	warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)	Visual	[9]
Carnivora	Canidae	black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas)	Olfactory/Visual	[10]
		domestic dog (Canis familiaris)	Olfactory/Visual	[6]
	Felidae	caracal (Caracal caracal)	Olfactory/Visual	[6]
		african wild cat (Felis sylvestris)	Olfactory/Visual	[11]
		serval (Leptailurus serval)	Olfactory/Visual	[6]
		leopard (Panthera pardus)	Olfactory/Visual	[12]
	Herpestidae	yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)	Olfactory/Visual	[11]
		slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea)	Olfactory/Visual	[6]
		large grey mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)	Olfactory/Visual	[10]
		meerkat (Suricata suricatta)	Olfactory/Visual	[8]
	Hyaenidae	spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)	Olfactory/Visual	[12]
	Mustelidae	honey badger (Mellivora capensis)	Olfactory/Visual	[10]
	Viverridae	small-spotted genet (Genetta genetta)	Olfactory/Visual	[10]
		large-spotted genet (Genetta tigrina)	Olfactory/Visual	[10]
Primates	Hominidae	human (Homo sapiens)	Visual	[13]
Squamata	Colubridae	olive whip snake (Psammophis mossambicus)	Visual	[14]
	Elapidae	Anchieta's cobra (Naja anchietae)	Olfactory/Visual	[15]
		snouted cobra (Naja annulifera)	Olfactory/Visual	[15–16]
		Mozambique spitting cobra (Naja mossambica)	Olfactory/Visual	[15]
		black spitting cobra (Naja nigricinta woodi)	Olfactory/Visual	[6]
		Cape cobra (Naja nivea)	Olfactory/Visual	[17]
	Varanidae	white-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis)*	Olfactory/Visual	[18]
	Viperidae	variable bush viper (Atheris squamigera)*	Visual	[19]
		puff adder (Bitis arietans)*	Visual	[20]
		gaboon adder (Bitis gabonica)*	Visual	[21]

References

1. 
   Thorne, S. C., & K. C. D. Hamman. 1981. Predation by the Sharptooth Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) on the Common Puff-Adder Bitis arietans (Squamata: Viperidae). Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25:14–15.
   
2. 
   Steyn, P. 1973. Observations on the tawny eagle. Ostrich 44:1–22.
   
3. 
   Steyn, P. 1974. Eagle days. MacDonald Publishers, London.
   
4. 
   Lendrum, A. L. 1979. The Augur Buzzard in the Matopos, Rhodesia. Ostrich 50:203–214.
   
5. 
   Hockey, P. A. R., W. R. J. Dean, and P. Ryan. 2005. Roberts birds of southern Africa. 7^th edition. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. Cape Town.
   
6. 
   Maritz, B. 2013. Natural History Note: Bitis arietans Predation. African Herp News 59:21–28.
   
7. 
   Attwell, R. I. G. 1963. Some observations on feeding habits, behaviour, and inter- relationships of northern Rhodesian vultures. Ostrich 34: 235–247.
   
8. 
   Phelps, T. 2010. Old World Vipers, A Natural History of the Azemiopinae and Viperinae. Edition Chimaira. Frankfurt.
   
9. 
   Broadley, D. G. 1983. FitzSimons' snakes of southern Africa. Delta Books, Cape Town.
   
10. 
    Skinner, J. D., and C. T. Chimimba. 2005. The mammals of the southern African sub-region. Cambridge University Press, Cape Town.
    
11. 
    Swanepoel, L. H. 2008. Ecology and conservation of leopards, Panthera pardus, on selected game ranches in the Waterberg region, Limpopo, South Africa (MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria).
    
12. 
    Kruuk, H. 1972. The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    
13. 
    Asibey, E. O. A. 1971. The present status of wildlife conservation in Ghana. Wildlife Conservation in West Africa 22:15–21.
    
14. 
    Alexander, G. J., and J. M. Marais. 2007. A guide to the reptiles of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
    
15. 
    Shine, R., W. R. Branch, J. K. Webb, P. S. Harlow, T. Shine, and J. S. Keogh. 2007. Ecology of cobras from southern Africa. Journal of Zoology272:183–193.
    
16. 
    Alexander, G. J., and B. Maritz. 2010. Natural History Note: Bitis arietans partial resistance to Naja venom. African Herp News 50:34–36.
    
17. 
    Phelps, T. 2007. Observations of the Cape cobra, Naja nivea (Serpentes: Elapidae) in the DeHoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Herpetological bulletin 99:29.
    
18. 
    Branch, B. (1991). Everyone's Guide to Snakes of Southern Africa: Includes Other Reptiles and Amphibians. CNA Publishers, Johannesburg.
    
19. 
    Wallach, V. 1980. Interspecific and intraspecific predation in captive bush vipers, (Atheris squamiger Hallowell, 1854), with notes on different colour phases. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 24:2–3.
    
20. 
    Broadley, D. G. 1974. Predation on reptiles and amphibians in south-eastern Africa. Honeyguide 78:11–19.
    
21. 
    Warner, J. K., and K. J. Kyle. 2010. Natural History Note: Bitis gabonica Diet. African Herp News 51:13–15.
    

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