|
from
India.
Strains
Disease
caused
Zone
of
Inhibition
(mm)
MIC
(
g
mL
−1
)
E.
coli
(MTCC
723)
Gastroenteritis
11
125
S.
typhimurium
(MTCC
98)
Gastroenteritis,
septicaemia
11
250
B.
subtilis
(MTCC
121)
Food
poisoning
10
250
S.
epidermidis
(MTCC
435)
Nasopharyngeal
infection,
septicemia
and
endocarditis,
nosocomial
infections
8
250
S.
aureus
(MTCC
2940)
Nasopharyngeal
infection,
fatal
septicaemias,
pneumonias
(secondary
endocarditis,
meningitis,
etc.)
7
250
S.
aureus
(MTCC
96)
Nasopharyngeal
infection,
fatal
septicaemias,
pneumonias,
(secondary
endocarditis,
meningitis,
etc.)
6
125
S.
mutans
(MTCC
890)
Dental
caries,
endocarditis
6
250
K.
pneumoniae
(MTCC
109)
Pneumonia,
nosocomial
infections,
bronchitis,
etc.
na
500
P.
aeruginosa
(MTCC
741)
Nosocomial
infection
(hospital-acquired
infections)
na
500
na,
not
active.
variety
of
drug-resistant
bacterial
and
fungal
strains.
Most
of
the
work
carried
out
on
the
antimicrobial
potential
of
‘tea
tree’
oil
derived
from
M.
alternifolia.
This
oil
was
found
to
be
very
effective
against
numerous
pathogenic
bacterial
and
fungal
strains
and
thus
incorporated
as
the
active
ingredient
in
many
topical
formulations
used
to
treat
cutaneous
conditions.
The
broad-spectrum
antimicro-
bial
activity
of
tea
tree
oil
is
mainly
attributed
to
terpinen-4-ol
and
1,8-cineole
and
also
due
to
synergistic
effect
of
other
minor
com-
ponents
(
␣-terpinene,
␥-terpinene,
etc.)
of
its
essential
oil.
Due
to
broad
antimicrobial
activity,
tea
tree
oil
is
used
as
topical
antimicro-
bial
agent
in
variety
of
product
form
in
the
treatment
of
infections
or
conditions
such
as
herpes
labialis,
acne,
tinea,
eczema,
furun-
culosis,
onychomycosis,
dandruff,
and
oral
candidiasis,
and
in
the
clearance
of
methicillin-resistant
S.
aureus
carriage
(
Carson
et
al.,
1996;
Hammer
et
al.,
2003
).
Moreover,
it
also
possessed
potent
antiprotozoal,
antiviral,
antimycoplasmal,
and
anti-inflammatory
activities
(
Carson
et
al.,
2006
).
Moreover,
the
chemical
and
biolog-
ical
evaluation
including
antimicrobial
and
antifungal
activities
of
the
essential
oils
of
other
Melaleuca
spp.,
viz.
M.
cajuputi,
M.
dissi-
tiflora,
M.
ericifolia,
M.
leucadendron,
M.
armillaris,
M.
styphelioides,
and
M.
quinquenervia
were
also
reported
against
a
range
of
bac-
terial
and
fungal
strains
(
Barbosa
et
al.,
2013;
Farag
et
al.,
2004;
Hammer
et
al.,
2003;
Park
et
al.,
2011;
Pujiarti
et
al.,
2012;
Silva
et
al.,
2010
).
Based
on
zone
of
inhibition
(mm)
and
MIC
(
g
mL
−1
)
data
of
antibacterial
assay
in
present
analysis,
it
is
evident
that
the
essential
oil
of
M.
linarrifolia
from
India
was
found
to
possess
good
antibacterial
activity
against
E.
coli,
S.
typhimurium,
B.
sub-
tilis,
and
moderate
activity
against
S.
epidermidis,
S.
aureus,
and
S.
mutans.
Moreover,
the
potential
of
M.
linarrifolia
essential
oil
may
be
explored
to
control
the
various
diseases
caused
by
tested
bacte-
rial
strains
(
Table
2
).
Melaleuca
species
have
been
examined
in
the
past
for
essen-
tial
oil
composition
and
phenylpropanoids
(methyl
eugenol,
(E)-methyl
isoeugenol),
monoterpenoids
(1,8-cineole,
terpinen-4-
ol,
terpinolene),
and
sesquiterpenoids
{(E)-nerolidol,
viridiflorol
}
were
reported
as
the
mostly
distributed
constituents
in
their
essen-
tial
oils
(
Aboutabl
et
al.,
1991;
Brophy
et
al.,
2006,
2012;
Gupta
et
al.,
2012;
Silva
et
al.,
2007,
2010;
Southwell
et
al.,
2005;
Trilles
et
al.,
2006;
Wheeler
et
al.,
2007
).
1,8-Cineole
(44.76–64.30%)-
rich
chemotype
of
M.
leucadendra
was
reported
from
Egypt
and
Java,
Indonesia
(
Aboutabl
et
al.,
1991;
Farag
et
al.,
2004;
Pujiarti
et
al.,
2011
).
1,8-Cineole
chemotypes
of
M.
quinquenervia
(up
to
76.0%)
and
M.
cajuputi
(50–72%)
were
reported
from
Australia,
New
Guinea,
Madagascar,
and
New
Caledonia
origin
(
Budiadi
Ishii
et
al.,
2005;
Sakasegawa
et
al.,
2003;
Trilles
et
al.,
2006;
Wheeler
et
al.,
2007
).
1,8-Cineole
chemotypes
for
M.
hypericifolia
(65.0–88.0%),
M.
armillaris
(80.2%),
and
M.
ericifolia
(79.5%)
were
also
reported
from
Brazil
(
Silva
et
al.,
2007,
2010
).
1,8-Cineole
also
predominated
in
various
member/forms
of
broombush
com-
plex
of
the
genus
Melaleuca
native
of
western
Australia,
viz.
M.
stereophloia
(78–83%),
M.
atroviridis
(73.2%),
M.
concreta
(58–81%),
M.
exuvia
(56–67%),
M.
zeteticorum
(63–68%),
M.
vinnula
(60.6%),
M.
scalene
(43–55%),
and
M.
uncinata
(44–56%)
(
Brophy
et
al.,
2006
).
1,8-Cineole-rich
essential
oil
chemotypes
of
M.
teretifolia
(84.0%),
M.
uncinata
(80–85%),
M.
linophylla
(71–88%),
M.
alsophila
(up
to
66.0%),
and
M.
laterifolia
(70–87%)
were
also
reported
from
forest
plantation
of
Meleleuca
species
grown
in
western
Australia
(
Brophy,
1999;
Southwell
et
al.,
2005
).
1,8-Cineole,
also
known
as
eucalyptol,
has
characteristically
fresh
and
camphoraceous
fragrance
and
pungent
taste
and
hence
used
extensively
in
food-flavor,
pharmaceutical,
and
cosmetic
industries.
It
possesses
various
pharmacological
activities
includ-
ing
inflammatory,
anti-microbial,
anticancer,
anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant,
bactericidal,
herbicidal,
insecticidal,
etc.
(Budiadi
Ishii
et
al.,
2005;
Juergens
et
al.,
2003;
Silva
et
al.,
2010
).
1,8-Cineole
was
found
to
possess
strong
larvicidal,
insecticidal,
fumigant
toxicity-
repellent,
antifeedent
activities
against
various
insects,
viz.
Aedes
aegypti,
Sitophilus
oryzae,
Tribolium
castaneum,
Oryzaephilus
suri-
namensis,
Musca
domestica,
Blattella
germanica,
Lycoriella
mali,
Tenebrio
molito,
etc.
(
Ebadollahi,
2013;
Park
et
al.,
2011
).
Besides
the
insecticidal
action,
1,8-cineole
also
displays
anti-inflammatory
activity
which
is
associated
with
its
capability
to
inhibit
the
cyclooxygenase
pathway,
preventing
prostanoid
biosynthesis
and
consequently
reducing
symptoms
of
inflammatory
diseases.
In
Germany,
1,8-cineole
was
registered
and
licensed
as
a
medicinal
product
and
is
sold
in
the
form
of
100
mg
capsules
for
treatment
of
acute
and
chronic
bronchitis,
sinusitis,
and
respiratory
infections
(
Barbosa
et
al.,
2013;
Juergens
et
al.,
2003
).
Therefore,
1,8-cineole
has
great
therapeutic
potential
for
treating
respiratory
and
inflam-
matory
diseases
such
as
coughs
and
colds,
rheumatism,
neuralgia,
muscular
pain,
asthma,
disinfectant,
analgesic,
chronic
bronchi-
tis,
sinusitis,
and
nasal
infections
(
Barbosa
et
al.,
2013;
Juergens
et
al.,
2003;
Kirsch
and
Buettner,
2013;
Miyazawa
et
al.,
2001;
Silva
et
al.,
2010
).
GC/FID
and
GC/MS
analyses
of
the
essential
oil
of
M.
linarrifolia
from
India
showed
1,8-cineole
(77.40%)
and
␣-terpineol
(7.72%%)
as
the
major
constituents.
This
essential
oil
possessed
good
antibacterial
activity
against
E.
coli,
S.
typhimurium,
B.
sub-
tilis,
and
moderate
activity
against
S.
epidermidis,
S.
aureus,
and
S.
mutans.
Therefore,
on
the
basis
of
significant
essential
oil
yield
(1.10%),
1,8-cineole
content,
and
the
reported
biological
activities
of
its
major
constituent,
it
is
concluded
that
this
plant
can
be
prop-
agated
and
processed
for
isolation
of
1,8-cineole
rich
essential
oil
for
industrial
use.
Acknowledgement
The
authors
are
thankful
to
Council
of
Scientific
and
Industrial
Research
(CSIR),
New
Delhi,
India
for
financial
support
to
carry
out
the
work.
The
authors
are
also
thankful
to
the
Director,
CSIR-Central
Institute
of
Medicinal
and
Aromatic
Plants
(CIMAP),
Lucknow,
U.P.,
India,
for
necessary
facilities
and
encouragement
and
the
Central
268
R.C.
Padalia
et
al.
/
Industrial
Crops
and
Products
63
(2015)
264–268
Instrument
Facility
(CSIR-CIMAP)
for
providing
facility
for
GC/MS
analysis.
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Document Outline - Chemical composition of Melaleuca linarrifolia Sm. from India: a potential source of 1,8-cineole
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