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from
India.
Strains
Disease caused
Zone
of
Inhibition
(mm) MIC
( g mL −1 ) E.
coli
(MTCC 723)
Gastroenteritis
11
125 S.
typhimurium
(MTCC 98)
Gastroenteritis,
septicaemia 11
250 B.
subtilis
(MTCC 121)
Food
poisoning
10
250 S.
epidermidis
(MTCC 435)
Nasopharyngeal
infection, septicemia
and
endocarditis,
nosocomial infections
8
250 S.
aureus
(MTCC 2940)
Nasopharyngeal
infection, fatal
septicaemias,
pneumonias (secondary endocarditis,
meningitis, etc.)
7
250 S.
aureus (MTCC
96)
Nasopharyngeal
infection, fatal
septicaemias,
pneumonias, (secondary endocarditis,
meningitis, etc.)
6
125 S.
mutans (MTCC
890)
Dental
caries, endocarditis 6
K.
pneumoniae (MTCC
109)
Pneumonia,
nosocomial infections,
bronchitis, etc.
na
500 P.
aeruginosa
(MTCC 741)
Nosocomial
infection (hospital-acquired
infections) na
500 na,
not
active.
variety
of drug-resistant
bacterial and
fungal
strains.
Most
of
the work
carried
out
on
the
antimicrobial potential
of
‘tea
tree’ oil
derived
from M.
alternifolia.
This oil
was
found
to
be
very effective against
pathogenic
bacterial and
fungal
strains
and
thus
incorporated
as the
active
ingredient
in
many
topical formulations used
treat
cutaneous
conditions. The
broad-spectrum
antimicro- bial
activity of
tea
tree oil
is
mainly
attributed to
terpinen-4-ol
and 1,8-cineole
and also
due
to
synergistic
effect of
other
minor com-
ponents
( ␣-terpinene,
␥-terpinene, etc.)
of
its
essential oil.
Due
to broad antimicrobial
activity, tea
tree
oil
is
used
as topical
antimicro- bial
in
variety
of product
form
in
the
treatment of
infections or
conditions
such as
herpes
labialis, acne,
tinea,
eczema,
furun-
culosis,
onychomycosis, dandruff,
and
oral
candidiasis,
and
in
the clearance
of
methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
carriage
( Carson et
al., 1996;
Hammer
et
al.,
2003 ).
Moreover, it
also
possessed potent
antiprotozoal,
antiviral, antimycoplasmal,
and
anti-inflammatory activities
( Carson
et al.,
2006
).
Moreover, the
chemical
and
biolog-
ical
evaluation including
antimicrobial and
antifungal
activities of the essential
oils
of
other
Melaleuca spp.,
viz.
M.
cajuputi,
M. dissi-
tiflora,
M. ericifolia,
M.
leucadendron,
M. armillaris,
M.
styphelioides, and
M.
quinquenervia
were also
reported
against
a
range
of bac-
terial
and fungal
strains
( Barbosa et
al.,
2013; Farag
et
al.,
2004; Hammer
et al.,
2003;
Park
et
al.,
2011; Pujiarti
et
al.,
2012; Silva
et
al., 2010
).
Based on
zone
of inhibition
(mm)
and
MIC
( g mL −1 ) data
of
antibacterial
assay in
present
analysis, it
is
evident that
the
essential oil
of
M.
linarrifolia from
India
was
found
to
possess good
antibacterial
activity
against
E.
coli,
S. typhimurium,
B.
sub- tilis,
and
moderate
activity
against
S.
epidermidis,
S. aureus,
and
S. mutans. Moreover,
the
potential
of
M.
linarrifolia essential
oil
may
be
explored to
control
the various
diseases
caused
by
tested
bacte- rial
strains ( Table 2 ). Melaleuca
species have
been
examined
in
the
past for
essen-
tial
oil composition
and
phenylpropanoids
(methyl
eugenol,
(E)-methyl
isoeugenol), monoterpenoids
(1,8-cineole, terpinen-4- ol,
and
sesquiterpenoids
{(E)-nerolidol, viridiflorol } were
reported
as
the
mostly distributed
constituents in
their
essen- tial
oils ( Aboutabl et
al.,
1991; Brophy
et
al.,
2006, 2012;
Gupta
et
al., 2012;
Silva
et
al.,
2007, 2010;
Southwell
et
al.,
2005; Trilles
et
al., 2006;
Wheeler
et
al.,
2007 ).
1,8-Cineole (44.76–64.30%)- rich
of
M.
leucadendra was
reported
from
Egypt
and
Java,
Indonesia ( Aboutabl et
al.,
1991; Farag
et
al.,
2004; Pujiarti
et
al., 2011
).
1,8-Cineole chemotypes
of
M.
quinquenervia (up
to 76.0%) and
M.
cajuputi
(50–72%) were
reported
from
Australia, New
Madagascar,
and
New
Caledonia
origin
( Budiadi Ishii
et al.,
2005;
Sakasegawa
et
al.,
2003; Trilles
et
al.,
2006; Wheeler
et al.,
2007
).
1,8-Cineole chemotypes
for
M.
hypericifolia (65.0–88.0%),
M.
armillaris
(80.2%), and
M.
ericifolia
(79.5%) were
also
reported from
Brazil
( Silva et
al.,
2007, 2010
).
1,8-Cineole also
predominated in
various
member/forms of
broombush
com- plex
of the
genus
Melaleuca
native
of
western
Australia, viz.
M. stereophloia (78–83%),
M.
atroviridis
(73.2%), M.
concreta
(58–81%), M.
exuvia (56–67%),
M.
zeteticorum
(63–68%), M.
vinnula
(60.6%), M. scalene (43–55%),
and
M.
uncinata
(44–56%) ( Brophy et
al.,
2006 ). 1,8-Cineole-rich
essential oil
chemotypes
of
M.
teretifolia (84.0%),
M.
uncinata (80–85%),
M.
linophylla
(71–88%), M.
alsophila
(up to 66.0%), and
M.
laterifolia
(70–87%) were
also
reported
from
forest
plantation
of Meleleuca
species
grown
in
western
Australia ( Brophy, 1999;
Southwell et
al.,
2005 ). 1,8-Cineole,
also
known
as
eucalyptol,
has characteristically fresh
camphoraceous
fragrance and
pungent
taste
and
hence
used
extensively in
food-flavor,
pharmaceutical, and
cosmetic
industries.
It possesses
various
pharmacological
activities includ-
ing
inflammatory, anti-microbial,
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
bactericidal, herbicidal,
insecticidal, etc.
(Budiadi
Ishii
et
al., 2005;
Juergens
et
al.,
2003; Silva
et
al.,
2010 ).
1,8-Cineole was
found
to possess
strong
larvicidal,
insecticidal, fumigant
toxicity- repellent,
antifeedent activities
against
various
insects,
viz.
Aedes
aegypti,
Sitophilus oryzae,
Tribolium
castaneum, Oryzaephilus
suri-
namensis,
Musca domestica,
Blattella germanica,
Lycoriella mali,
Tenebrio
molito, etc.
( Ebadollahi, 2013;
Park
et
al.,
2011 ).
Besides the
insecticidal action,
1,8-cineole
also
displays
anti-inflammatory activity
which is
associated
with its
capability
to
inhibit
the cyclooxygenase
pathway, preventing
prostanoid biosynthesis
and
consequently
reducing symptoms
of
inflammatory
diseases. In Germany, 1,8-cineole
was
registered
and
licensed
as
a
medicinal product
and is
sold
in the
form
of
100
mg capsules
for
treatment
of
and
chronic
bronchitis,
sinusitis, and
respiratory
infections ( Barbosa
et
al.,
2013; Juergens
et
al.,
2003 ).
Therefore, 1,8-cineole has
therapeutic
potential for
treating
respiratory
and
inflam-
matory
diseases such
as
coughs
and colds,
rheumatism,
neuralgia, muscular
pain, asthma,
disinfectant,
analgesic, chronic
bronchi-
tis,
sinusitis, and
nasal
infections
(
et
al.,
2013; Juergens
et
al., 2003;
Kirsch
and
Buettner,
2013;
Miyazawa
et
al.,
2001; Silva
et
al., 2010
).
GC/FID and
GC/MS
analyses
of
the
essential oil
of
M. linarrifolia
from
India
showed
1,8-cineole
(77.40%)
and
␣-terpineol (7.72%%)
as the
major
constituents.
This
essential
oil
possessed good
activity
against
E.
coli,
S. typhimurium,
B.
sub- tilis,
and
moderate
activity
against
S.
epidermidis,
S. aureus,
and
S.
mutans. Therefore,
on
the
basis of
significant
essential oil
yield
(1.10%),
1,8-cineole content,
and
the
reported
biological
activities of
its major
constituent,
it
is
concluded that
this
plant
can
be
prop- agated
and
processed
for
isolation
of
1,8-cineole
rich essential
oil
for
industrial use.
Acknowledgement The
authors
are
thankful
to
Council
of Scientific
and
Industrial Research
(CSIR), New
Delhi,
India
for
financial
support
to
carry
out the
work. The
authors
are
also
thankful
to
the
Director, CSIR-Central Institute
of Medicinal
and
Aromatic
Plants
(CIMAP),
Lucknow,
U.P.,
India,
for necessary
facilities and
encouragement
and
the
Central
268
R.C. Padalia
et
al.
/ Industrial
Crops
and
Products
63
(2015)
264–268 Instrument
Facility (CSIR-CIMAP)
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