Taxon: Chrysobalanus icaco Family: Chrysobalanaceae
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| Taxon: Chrysobalanus icaco Family: Chrysobalanaceae Common Name Synonym: Coco plum icaco icacier
prune colon Chrysobalanus icaco var. pellocarpus (G.F.W Chrysobalanus interior Small Chrysobalanus pellocarpus G.F.W. Mey. Chrysobalanus savannarum Britt. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 H(HPWRA) Designation: Questionaire : current 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved 101 n y=-3, n=0 Is the species highly domesticated? 102 y=1, n=-1 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 y=1, n=-1 Does the species have weedy races? 201 High (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- high) (See Appendix 2) Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 High (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- high) (See Appendix 2) Quality of climate match data 203 n y=1, n=0 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 204 y y=1, n=0 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates 205 y y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? 301 y y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 Naturalized beyond native range 302 n n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 n n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 y n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) Environmental weed 305 n n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) Congeneric weed 401 n y=1, n=0 Produces spines, thorns or burrs 402 n y=1, n=0 Allelopathic 403 n y=1, n=0 Parasitic 404 y=1, n=-1 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 n y=1, n=0 Toxic to animals 406 n y=1, n=0 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 n y=1, n=0 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 y y=1, n=0 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 y=1, n=0 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Page 1 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) 410 y y=1, n=0 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 n y=1, n=0 Climbing or smothering growth habit 412 y y=1, n=0 Forms dense thickets 501 n y=5, n=0 Aquatic 502 n y=1, n=0 Grass 503 n y=1, n=0 Nitrogen fixing woody plant 504 n y=1, n=0 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) 601 n y=1, n=0 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 602 y y=1, n=-1 Produces viable seed 603 y=1, n=-1 Hybridizes naturally 604 y y=1, n=-1 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 n y=-1, n=0 Requires specialist pollinators 606 y y=1, n=-1 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 607 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 Minimum generative time (years) 701 n y=1, n=-1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 y y=1, n=-1 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people 703 n y=1, n=-1 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 n y=1, n=-1 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal 705 y y=1, n=-1 Propagules water dispersed 706 y y=1, n=-1 Propagules bird dispersed 707 n y=1, n=-1 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 y y=1, n=-1 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 n y=1, n=-1 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) 802 y=1, n=-1 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) 803 y=-1, n=1 Well controlled by herbicides 804 y=1, n=-1 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire 805 y=-1, n=1 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) WRA Score 12 H(HPWRA) Designation: Page 2 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) Supporting Data: 101
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI No evidence 102
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa. In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil." 202 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa. In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil." 203
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "In its native range coco-plum is a coastal plant often found on beach dunes or in scrub or thickets, and it also grows inland along watercourses, usually on sandy, nutrient-poor soils." 203
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Ecology.—Coco-plum is a coastal species. It commonly grows as single plants or thickets on dunes and rocky headlands." 204
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa. In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil." 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and Hawaii." 301
2000. Meyer, J-Y./Malet, J-P.. Forestry and agroforestry alien trees as invasive plants in the Pacific Islands. FAO Workshop Data Collection for the Pacific Region. 4-8 September 2000 Apia, Samoa. "First introduced to the botanical garden of Papeari on the island of Tahiti in 1922, now highly invasive on the Temehani plateaus in the island of Raiatea between 425 and 560 m elevation (Meyer 1998). Also spreading on Fatu Hiva (Marquesas Islands) where it has been planted along a trail between 600 and 660 m elevation (Meyer, unpublished data, February 2000). Commonly planted in the town of Papeete and along roadsides in Tahiti as an ornamental. In Fiji, it was presumably introduced as an ornamental, “growing in the Suva botanical gardens in 1948 and had been abundantly naturalized in Southeastern Viti Levu prior to that date” (A. C. Smith 1985, p. 44), now common along roadsides near sea level, on the upper edges of beaches and in thickets on the inner margin of mangrove swamps." 301 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and Hawaii." 302
2000. Meyer, J-Y.. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa "Among the 30 and more potential invasive plants in the Pacific islands (i.e. known to be highly invasive elsewhere), sometimes locally naturalised but not yet perceived to be widespread and dominant (Table 3), are the rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiflora, the coco plum Chrysobalanus icaco, the quinine tree Cinchona pubescens,…" Page 3 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) 302 2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy "Exotic shrubs, e.g. Chrysobalanus icaco, and the grass Panicum maximum are particularly linked with reduced habitat quality and the leaf litter of exotic trees supported fewer vertebrates (e.g. McCulloch 1994; Komdeur 1995). This effect has been further demonstrated by Njoroge (2002) and Wagner (2002). Comparisons of invertebrate abundance between islands indicate that food availability is higher in the restored forests on Cousin and Aride than on Frégate...In 1996, several projects were started by the Forestry Section of the Ministry of Environment to restore and manage habitats by removing invasive woody plants such as Cinnamomum verum, Chrysobalanus icaco and Syzygium jambos. Clearing both with and without follow-up replanting of native species have been assessed...Of the total woody plant species present on the granitic islands, about three-quarters are exotic. Nowadays, 13 of them are considered as highly invasive (Cinnamomum verum, Paraserianthes falcataria, Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium jambos, Casuarina equisetifolia, Alstonia macrophylla, Chrysobalanus icaco, Leucaena leucocephala, Cocos nucifera, Adenanthera pavonina, Tabebuia pallida, Lantana camara and Carica papaya)." 302 2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. A weed of degraded areas that has negative environmental impacts. See 3.04. 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ No evidence 304
2000. Meyer, J-Y.. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa "Among the 30 and more potential invasive plants in the Pacific islands (i.e. known to be highly invasive elsewhere), sometimes locally naturalised but not yet perceived to be widespread and dominant (Table 3), are the rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiflora, the coco plum Chrysobalanus icaco, the quinine tree Cinchona pubescens…" 304
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy "Exotic shrubs, e.g. Chrysobalanus icaco, and the grass Panicum maximum are particularly linked with reduced habitat quality and the leaf litter of exotic trees supported fewer vertebrates (e.g. McCulloch 1994; Komdeur 1995). This effect has been further demonstrated by Njoroge (2002) and Wagner (2002). Comparisons of invertebrate abundance between islands indicate that food availability is higher in the restored forests on Cousin and Aride than on Frégate...In 1996, several projects were started by the Forestry Section of the Ministry of Environment to restore and manage habitats by removing invasive woody plants such as Cinnamomum verum, Chrysobalanus icaco and Syzygium jambos. Clearing both with and without follow-up replanting of native species have been assessed...Of the total woody plant species present on the granitic islands, about three-quarters are exotic. Nowadays, 13 of them are considered as highly invasive (Cinnamomum verum, Paraserianthes falcataria, Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium jambos, Casuarina equisetifolia, Alstonia macrophylla, Chrysobalanus icaco, Leucaena leucocephala, Cocos nucifera, Adenanthera pavonina1, Tabebuia pallida, Lantana camara and Carica papaya)." 304
2006. Chenje, M./Mohamed-Katerere, J.. Chapter 10. Invasive Alien Species. Pp 331-349 in Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya "Chrysobalanus icaco was originally introduced to prevent erosion on steep slopes. Dense thickets of this species have now become established on many steep erosion slopes. It is difficult to get rid of this species once it has become established. It also invades areas where the indigenous forest had been cleared." [Seychelles] 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ No evidence 401
1965. Neal, M.C. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Shrub 1-3 m or bushy tree 2-6(-10) m high; leaves elliptical to obovate, rounded and often emarginate at tip, 3-10 cm long, 2.5 7 cm broad; cymes axillary and terminal, pubescent, 3-6 cm long; sepals (4-) 5; petals (4-) 5, white, about 5 mm long, perigynous; carpel solitary, protogynous; drupe green turning brownish- purple and then black, subglobose to obovoid, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, angled when dry." (Adams, 1972)"An evergreen shrub 3 to 5 feet high, rarely a tree to 30 feet high, with thin, scaly, brown gray bark It is grown ornamentally for its attractive leaves, which are alternate, rounded, shiny, think, to 3 inches long, and for its sweet, rather tasteless and dry fruits, which are sometimes preserved. The fruit is round, white to purple-black, an inch or more in diameter, and contains a ridged stone. Flowers are small, white, and clustered" 402
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy No evidence Page 4 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011
403 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall." [no evidence] 404 2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown [most references only refer to palatability of fruit] 405 2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "The fruits are edible raw and can be made into preserves. Coco-plum seeds, which have a high oil content, are also edible. The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy (specific gravity 0.8) and is used for fuel and rustic construction (Little and others 1974). Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine. The species is known to have hypoglycemic effects (Costa 1977). It is a honey plant and furnishes food for wildlife. Coco-plum is used in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres as an ornamental. Another important benefit from the species is for dune and soil stabilization." [no evidence] 406
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf "Potential Pests: Sri Lanka weevil, Lobate lac scale (in some counties); wooly whiteflies, rarely seen" 407
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf "Human hazards: None" 407 2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "The fruits are edible raw and can be made into preserves. Coco-plum seeds, which have a high oil content, are also edible. The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy (specific gravity 0.8) and is used for fuel and rustic construction (Little and others 1974). Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine. The species is known to have hypoglycemic effects (Costa 1977). It is a honey plant and furnishes food for wildlife. Coco-plum is used in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres as an ornamental. Another important benefit from the species is for dune and soil stabilization." [no evidence] 408
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Ecology.—Coco-plum is a coastal species. It commonly grows as single plants or thickets on dunes and rocky headlands." 408
2009. Nevill, J.. Mainstreaming Prevention and Control Measures for Invasive Alien Species into Trade, Transport and Travel across the Production Landscape. National IAS Baseline Report. GOS - UNDP - GEF, "In Seychelles it has invaded inselberg and mid-altitude forest habitats and the thickets have also been associated with enhanced fire risk due to the dry material that the thickets constitute and retain." 409 2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy "Predominantly in open areas but can survive shade, becomes dominant through seed and vegetative reproduction." 409 2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org "Light Requirements: Full sun" 410 2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf "Soil: Wide; Nutritional Requirements: Low" 410
2009. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Cocoplum - Chrysobalanus icaco. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67612/ "Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) " Page 5 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) 410 2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org "Soils: Seasonally inundated to moist, well-drained to poorly-drained sandy, limestone, or organic freshwater soils, with humusy top layer." 411
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall." [not climbing or smothering] 412
1985. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI "infrequently cultivated but often locally abundantly naturalized along roadsides near sea level, on the upper edge of beaches, and in thickets on the inner margin of mangrove swamps" [Fiji] 412 2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy "Thicket-forming shrubs such as Clidemia hirta, Chrysobalanus icaco and Syzygium jambos, Lantana camara in some lowland forests, Dicranopteris linearis and creepers all stop regeneration of trees in forest gaps and change the forest structure considerably." 412 2006. Chenje, M./Mohamed-Katerere, J.. Chapter 10. Invasive Alien Species. Pp 331-349 in Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya "Chrysobalanus icaco was originally introduced to prevent erosion on steep slopes. Dense thickets of this species have now become established on many steep erosion slopes. It is difficult to get rid of this species once it has become established. It also invades areas where the indigenous forest had been cleared." [Seychelles] 412
2009. Nevill, J.. Mainstreaming Prevention and Control Measures for Invasive Alien Species into Trade, Transport and Travel across the Production Landscape. National IAS Baseline Report. GOS - UNDP - GEF, "Chrysobalanus icaco can form dense stands and become invasive. This shrub grows up to elevations of about 500 metres and can from dense thickets of matted stems from 50cm to 3m in height. These thickets exclude other vegetation types and prevent natural vegetation succession/regeneration." 501
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Terrestrial 502
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Chrysobalanceae 503
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Chrysobalanceae [not a nitrogen fixing woody plant] 504
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall. [not a geophyte] 601
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI No evidence 602
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Coco-plum is propagated by seed or stem cuttings." 603
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown 604
1940. East, E.M.. The distribution of self-sterility in the flowering plants. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 82: 449-518. "Concerning the Chrysobalanoideae, I have only one record- self-fertility in Chrysobalanus icaco L. " 605
2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK "Bees may be the pollinator as the flowers are a good source of honey." 606
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy "Predominantly in open areas but can survive shade, becomes dominant through seed and vegetative reproduction" Page 6 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) 607 2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf "Growth Rate: Moderate to fast" 607
2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org "Growth Rate: Moderate" 701
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid, pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and large fruit with no means of external attachment] 701
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic animals, and humans." 702
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and Hawaii…The coco-plum fruit is edible, though the flesh is dry and rather scanty; in Venezuela and Colombia it is cooked in syrup, bottled, and sold commercially. The leaves and fruit skins are used to make a black dye, and various parts of the plant are used medicinally in Latin America. The hard pits are filled with oil and burned for illumination." 703
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid, pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and large fruit unlikely to contaminate produce] 703
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic animals, and humans." 704
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic animals, and humans." [not adapted for wind dispersal] 705
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic animals, and humans." 706
2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive species on tropical forests of the Seychelles. PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland "Observations of frugivory on fruits of alien woody plant species. [Chrysobalanus icaco listed as being dispersed by Acridotheres tristis (Common Mynah) and Coracopsis nigra barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot)]" 706
2009. Kueffer, C./Kronauer, L./Edwards, P.J.. Wider spectrum of fruit traits in invasive than native floras may increase the vulnerability of oceanic islands to plant invasions. Oikos. 118: 1327-1334. "Two of the invasive (Chrysobalanus icaco, Syzygium jambos) and one native species (Syzygium wrightii) have larger fruits that are only dispersed by fruit bats, although they are eaten by birds (Kueffer 2006)." Page 7 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011
707 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid, pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and large fruit with no means of external attachment] 707 2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic animals, and humans." 708
2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive species on tropical forests of the Seychelles. PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland "Observations of frugivory on fruits of alien woody plant species. [Chrysobalanus icaco listed as being dispersed by Acridotheres tristis (Common Mynah) and Coracopsis nigra barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot)]" 801
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid, pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and large, one-seeded fruit unlikely to reach such high densities] 802
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the United States & its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of Tropical Forestry, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht m "This seed lot gave 89 percent germination beginning 34 days after sowing sample (Francis and Rodríguez 1993). No scarification or other seed treatment is needed." [longevity of natural seed bank unknown] 803 1969. Bovey, R.W./Morton, H.L./Baur, J.R./Diaz- Colon, J.D./Dowler, C.C./Lehman, S.K.. Granular Herbicides for Woody Plant Control Granular Herbicides for Woody Plant Control. Weed Science. 17(4): 538-541. "Species resistant to picloram included pomarrosa, Santa Maria (Calophyllum brasiliense (Camb.), coco-plum (Chrysobalanus icaco L.), and fiddle- wood (Petitia domingensis Jacq.)." [no other information found on control of this species with herbicides] 804 2009. University of Florida IFAS. Landscape Plants - Chrysobalanus icaco, Cocoplum. http://hort.ufl.edu/woody/Pages/chrica/chrica.sht ml "Cocoplum is used most often as a clipped hedge, however it can be pruned into a multi-trunked small tree or specimen shrub…Healthy plants respond nicely to reduction pruning which keeps plants small. This pruning technique presents a very formal or neat appearance to the surrounding landscape. Many reduction cuts on branches one-half to three-quarters inch diameter are made at the edge of the canopy every other year. Few if any interior branches are removed. Trees grow slightly larger each year but remain much smaller than they would without pruning. Appropriately performed, few people would recognize that the trees were pruned."
805 2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown Page 8 of 8 Print Date: 3/28/2011 Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) Kataloq: PIER PIER -> Mouthwash’ın analjezik aktivitesinin değerlendirilmesi Pr Alain woda clermont-Ferrand Yüklə 58,09 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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