Taxon:
Chrysobalanus icaco
Family:
Chrysobalanaceae
Common Name
Synonym:
Coco plum
icaco
icacier
prune colon
Chrysobalanus icaco var. pellocarpus (G.F.W
Chrysobalanus interior Small
Chrysobalanus pellocarpus G.F.W. Mey.
Chrysobalanus savannarum Britt.
Assessor:
Chuck Chimera
Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera
WRA Score
12
H(HPWRA)
Designation:
Questionaire :
current 20090513
Status:
Assessor Approved
101
n
y=-3, n=0
Is the species highly domesticated?
102
y=1, n=-1
Has the species become naturalized where grown?
103
y=1, n=-1
Does the species have weedy races?
201
High
(0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-
high) (See Appendix 2)
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then
substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"
202
High
(0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-
high) (See Appendix 2)
Quality of climate match data
203
n
y=1, n=0
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)
204
y
y=1, n=0
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates
205
y
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?
301
y
y = 1*multiplier (see
Appendix 2), n= question
205
Naturalized beyond native range
302
n
n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see
Appendix 2)
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed
303
n
n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see
Appendix 2)
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed
304
y
n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see
Appendix 2)
Environmental weed
305
n
n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see
Appendix 2)
Congeneric weed
401
n
y=1, n=0
Produces spines, thorns or burrs
402
n
y=1, n=0
Allelopathic
403
n
y=1, n=0
Parasitic
404
y=1, n=-1
Unpalatable to grazing animals
405
n
y=1, n=0
Toxic to animals
406
n
y=1, n=0
Host for recognized pests and pathogens
407
n
y=1, n=0
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans
408
y
y=1, n=0
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems
409
y=1, n=0
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle
Page 1 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
410
y
y=1, n=0
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)
411
n
y=1, n=0
Climbing or smothering growth habit
412
y
y=1, n=0
Forms dense thickets
501
n
y=5, n=0
Aquatic
502
n
y=1, n=0
Grass
503
n
y=1, n=0
Nitrogen fixing woody plant
504
n
y=1, n=0
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)
601
n
y=1, n=0
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat
602
y
y=1, n=-1
Produces viable seed
603
y=1, n=-1
Hybridizes naturally
604
y
y=1, n=-1
Self-compatible or apomictic
605
n
y=-1, n=0
Requires specialist pollinators
606
y
y=1, n=-1
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation
607
1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0,
4+ years = -1
Minimum generative time (years)
701
n
y=1, n=-1
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked
areas)
702
y
y=1, n=-1
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people
703
n
y=1, n=-1
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant
704
n
y=1, n=-1
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal
705
y
y=1, n=-1
Propagules water dispersed
706
y
y=1, n=-1
Propagules bird dispersed
707
n
y=1, n=-1
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)
708
y
y=1, n=-1
Propagules survive passage through the gut
801
n
y=1, n=-1
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)
802
y=1, n=-1
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)
803
y=-1, n=1
Well controlled by herbicides
804
y=1, n=-1
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire
805
y=-1, n=1
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)
WRA Score
12
H(HPWRA)
Designation:
Page 2 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
Supporting Data:
101
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
No evidence
102
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
103
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
201
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides
of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa.
In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas
through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil."
202
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides
of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa.
In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas
through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil."
203
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"In its native range coco-plum is a coastal plant often found on beach dunes or in
scrub or thickets, and it also grows inland along watercourses, usually on sandy,
nutrient-poor soils."
203
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Ecology.—Coco-plum is a coastal species. It commonly grows as single plants
or thickets on dunes and rocky headlands."
204
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Coco-plum has an unusual distribution in that it is found naturally on both sides
of the Atlantic - in tropical and subtropical America and in western tropical Africa.
In the Americas, its range extends from southern Florida and the Bahamas
through the West Indies and from Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil."
205
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in
eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and Hawaii."
301
2000. Meyer, J-Y./Malet, J-P.. Forestry and
agroforestry alien trees as invasive plants in the
Pacific Islands. FAO Workshop Data Collection
for the Pacific Region. 4-8 September 2000 Apia,
Samoa.
"First introduced to the botanical garden of Papeari on the island of Tahiti in
1922, now highly invasive on the Temehani plateaus in the island of Raiatea
between 425 and 560 m elevation (Meyer 1998). Also spreading on Fatu Hiva
(Marquesas Islands) where it has been planted along a trail between 600 and 660
m elevation (Meyer, unpublished data, February 2000). Commonly planted in the
town of Papeete and along roadsides in Tahiti as an ornamental. In Fiji, it was
presumably introduced as an ornamental, “growing in the Suva botanical gardens
in 1948 and had been abundantly naturalized in Southeastern Viti Levu prior to
that date” (A. C. Smith 1985, p. 44), now common along roadsides near sea
level, on the upper edges of beaches and in thickets on the inner margin of
mangrove swamps."
301
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in
eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and Hawaii."
302
2000. Meyer, J-Y.. Preliminary review of the
invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP
Member Countries). Invasive species in the
Pacific: A technical review and draft regional
strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment
Programme, Samoa
"Among the 30 and more potential invasive plants in the Pacific islands (i.e.
known to be highly invasive elsewhere), sometimes locally naturalised but not yet
perceived to be widespread and dominant (Table 3), are the rubber vine
Cryptostegia grandiflora, the coco plum Chrysobalanus icaco, the quinine tree
Cinchona pubescens,…"
Page 3 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
302
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
"Exotic shrubs, e.g. Chrysobalanus icaco, and the grass Panicum maximum are
particularly linked with reduced habitat quality and the leaf litter of exotic trees
supported fewer vertebrates (e.g. McCulloch 1994; Komdeur 1995). This effect
has been further demonstrated by Njoroge (2002) and Wagner (2002).
Comparisons of invertebrate abundance between islands indicate that food
availability is higher in the restored forests on Cousin and Aride than on
Frégate...In 1996, several projects were started by the Forestry Section of the
Ministry of Environment to restore and manage habitats by removing invasive
woody plants such as Cinnamomum verum, Chrysobalanus icaco and Syzygium
jambos. Clearing both with and without follow-up replanting of native species
have been assessed...Of the total woody plant species present on the granitic
islands, about three-quarters are exotic. Nowadays, 13 of them are considered as
highly invasive (Cinnamomum verum, Paraserianthes falcataria, Psidium
cattleianum, Syzygium jambos, Casuarina equisetifolia, Alstonia macrophylla,
Chrysobalanus icaco, Leucaena leucocephala, Cocos nucifera, Adenanthera
pavonina, Tabebuia pallida, Lantana camara and Carica papaya)."
302
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. A weed of degraded areas that has negative environmental impacts. See 3.04.
303
2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of
Weeds - Index [Online Database].
http://www.hear.org/gcw/
No evidence
304
2000. Meyer, J-Y.. Preliminary review of the
invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP
Member Countries). Invasive species in the
Pacific: A technical review and draft regional
strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment
Programme, Samoa
"Among the 30 and more potential invasive plants in the Pacific islands (i.e.
known to be highly invasive elsewhere), sometimes locally naturalised but not yet
perceived to be widespread and dominant (Table 3), are the rubber vine
Cryptostegia grandiflora, the coco plum Chrysobalanus icaco, the quinine tree
Cinchona pubescens…"
304
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
"Exotic shrubs, e.g. Chrysobalanus icaco, and the grass Panicum maximum are
particularly linked with reduced habitat quality and the leaf litter of exotic trees
supported fewer vertebrates (e.g. McCulloch 1994; Komdeur 1995). This effect
has been further demonstrated by Njoroge (2002) and Wagner (2002).
Comparisons of invertebrate abundance between islands indicate that food
availability is higher in the restored forests on Cousin and Aride than on
Frégate...In 1996, several projects were started by the Forestry Section of the
Ministry of Environment to restore and manage habitats by removing invasive
woody plants such as Cinnamomum verum, Chrysobalanus icaco and Syzygium
jambos. Clearing both with and without follow-up replanting of native species
have been assessed...Of the total woody plant species present on the granitic
islands, about three-quarters are exotic. Nowadays, 13 of them are considered as
highly invasive (Cinnamomum verum, Paraserianthes falcataria, Psidium
cattleianum, Syzygium jambos, Casuarina equisetifolia, Alstonia macrophylla,
Chrysobalanus icaco, Leucaena leucocephala, Cocos nucifera, Adenanthera
pavonina1, Tabebuia pallida, Lantana camara and Carica papaya)."
304
2006. Chenje, M./Mohamed-Katerere, J..
Chapter 10. Invasive Alien Species. Pp 331-349
in Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our
Environment, Our Wealth. United Nations
Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
"Chrysobalanus icaco was originally introduced to prevent erosion on steep
slopes. Dense thickets of this species have now become established on many
steep erosion slopes. It is difficult to get rid of this species once it has become
established. It also invades areas where the indigenous forest had been cleared."
[Seychelles]
305
2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of
Weeds - Index [Online Database].
http://www.hear.org/gcw/
No evidence
401
1965. Neal, M.C. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Shrub 1-3 m or bushy tree 2-6(-10) m high; leaves elliptical to obovate, rounded
and often emarginate at tip, 3-10 cm long, 2.5 7 cm broad; cymes axillary and
terminal, pubescent, 3-6 cm long; sepals (4-) 5; petals (4-) 5, white, about 5 mm
long, perigynous; carpel solitary, protogynous; drupe green turning brownish-
purple and then black, subglobose to obovoid, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, angled when
dry." (Adams, 1972)"An evergreen shrub 3 to 5 feet high, rarely a tree to 30 feet
high, with thin, scaly, brown gray bark It is grown ornamentally for its attractive
leaves, which are alternate, rounded, shiny, think, to 3 inches long, and for its
sweet, rather tasteless and dry fruits, which are sometimes preserved. The fruit
is round, white to purple-black, an inch or more in diameter, and contains a
ridged stone. Flowers are small, white, and clustered"
402
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
No evidence
Page 4 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
403
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall." [no evidence]
404
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown [most references only refer to palatability of fruit]
405
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"The fruits are edible raw and can be made into preserves. Coco-plum seeds,
which have a high oil content, are also edible. The wood is light brown, hard, and
heavy (specific gravity 0.8) and is used for fuel and rustic construction (Little and
others 1974). Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine. The
species is known to have hypoglycemic effects (Costa 1977). It is a honey plant
and furnishes food for wildlife. Coco-plum is used in the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres as an ornamental. Another important benefit from the species is for
dune and soil stabilization." [no evidence]
406
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco.
University of Florida, IFAS Extension,
Gainesville, FL
http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl
um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf
"Potential Pests: Sri Lanka weevil, Lobate lac scale (in some counties); wooly
whiteflies, rarely seen"
407
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco.
University of Florida, IFAS Extension,
Gainesville, FL
http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl
um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf
"Human hazards: None"
407
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"The fruits are edible raw and can be made into preserves. Coco-plum seeds,
which have a high oil content, are also edible. The wood is light brown, hard, and
heavy (specific gravity 0.8) and is used for fuel and rustic construction (Little and
others 1974). Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine. The
species is known to have hypoglycemic effects (Costa 1977). It is a honey plant
and furnishes food for wildlife. Coco-plum is used in the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres as an ornamental. Another important benefit from the species is for
dune and soil stabilization." [no evidence]
408
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Ecology.—Coco-plum is a coastal species. It commonly grows as single plants
or thickets on dunes and rocky headlands."
408
2009. Nevill, J.. Mainstreaming Prevention and
Control Measures for Invasive Alien Species into
Trade, Transport and Travel across the
Production Landscape. National IAS Baseline
Report. GOS - UNDP - GEF,
"In Seychelles it has invaded inselberg and mid-altitude forest habitats and the
thickets have also been associated with enhanced fire risk due to the dry material
that the thickets constitute and retain."
409
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
"Predominantly in open areas but can survive shade, becomes dominant through
seed and vegetative reproduction."
409
2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann,
Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley,
K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your
Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for
Regional Conservation, Miami, FL
http://www.regionalconservation.org
"Light Requirements: Full sun"
410
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco.
University of Florida, IFAS Extension,
Gainesville, FL
http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl
um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf
"Soil: Wide; Nutritional Requirements: Low"
410
2009. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Cocoplum -
Chrysobalanus icaco.
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67612/
"Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5
(neutral) "
Page 5 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
410
2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann,
Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley,
K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your
Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for
Regional Conservation, Miami, FL
http://www.regionalconservation.org
"Soils: Seasonally inundated to moist, well-drained to poorly-drained sandy,
limestone, or organic freshwater soils, with humusy top layer."
411
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall." [not climbing or smothering]
412
1985. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New
Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3.
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI
"infrequently cultivated but often locally abundantly naturalized along roadsides
near sea level, on the upper edge of beaches, and in thickets on the inner margin
of mangrove swamps" [Fiji]
412
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
"Thicket-forming shrubs such as Clidemia hirta, Chrysobalanus icaco and
Syzygium jambos, Lantana camara in some lowland forests, Dicranopteris
linearis and creepers all stop regeneration of trees in forest gaps and change the
forest structure considerably."
412
2006. Chenje, M./Mohamed-Katerere, J..
Chapter 10. Invasive Alien Species. Pp 331-349
in Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our
Environment, Our Wealth. United Nations
Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
"Chrysobalanus icaco was originally introduced to prevent erosion on steep
slopes. Dense thickets of this species have now become established on many
steep erosion slopes. It is difficult to get rid of this species once it has become
established. It also invades areas where the indigenous forest had been cleared."
[Seychelles]
412
2009. Nevill, J.. Mainstreaming Prevention and
Control Measures for Invasive Alien Species into
Trade, Transport and Travel across the
Production Landscape. National IAS Baseline
Report. GOS - UNDP - GEF,
"Chrysobalanus icaco can form dense stands and become invasive. This shrub
grows up to elevations of about 500 metres and can from dense thickets of
matted stems from 50cm to 3m in height. These thickets exclude other
vegetation types and prevent natural vegetation succession/regeneration."
501
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
Terrestrial
502
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
Chrysobalanceae
503
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
Chrysobalanceae [not a nitrogen fixing woody plant]
504
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
Dense shrub or treelet 5-25' tall. [not a geophyte]
601
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
No evidence
602
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Coco-plum is propagated by seed or stem cuttings."
603
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown
604
1940. East, E.M.. The distribution of self-sterility
in the flowering plants. Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society. 82: 449-518.
"Concerning the Chrysobalanoideae, I have only one record- self-fertility in
Chrysobalanus icaco L. "
605
2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The encyclopedia of
fruit & nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK
"Bees may be the pollinator as the flowers are a good source of honey."
606
2004. Kueffer, C./Vos, P.. Case Studies on the
Status of invasive Woody Plant Species in the
Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest
Health & Biosecurity Working Papers FBS/4-5E.
FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy
"Predominantly in open areas but can survive shade, becomes dominant through
seed and vegetative reproduction"
Page 6 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
607
2009. Brown, S.H.. Chrysobalanus icaco.
University of Florida, IFAS Extension,
Gainesville, FL
http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/Hort/GardenPubsAZ/Cocopl
um_Chrysobalanus_icaco.pdf
"Growth Rate: Moderate to fast"
607
2009. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann,
Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley,
K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your
Neighborhood - Coco-plum. The Institute for
Regional Conservation, Miami, FL
http://www.regionalconservation.org
"Growth Rate: Moderate"
701
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid,
pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and
large fruit with no means of external attachment]
701
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic
animals, and humans."
702
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"It has been widely introduced in the tropics and is now naturalized at least in
eastern Africa, Vietnam, the Seychelles, Fiji, the Society Islands, and
Hawaii…The coco-plum fruit is edible, though the flesh is dry and rather scanty;
in Venezuela and Colombia it is cooked in syrup, bottled, and sold commercially.
The leaves and fruit skins are used to make a black dye, and various parts of the
plant are used medicinally in Latin America. The hard pits are filled with oil and
burned for illumination."
703
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid,
pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and
large fruit unlikely to contaminate produce]
703
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic
animals, and humans."
704
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic
animals, and humans." [not adapted for wind dispersal]
705
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic
animals, and humans."
706
2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive
species on tropical forests of the Seychelles.
PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of
Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
"Observations of frugivory on fruits of alien woody plant species. [Chrysobalanus
icaco listed as being dispersed by Acridotheres tristis (Common Mynah) and
Coracopsis nigra barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot)]"
706
2009. Kueffer, C./Kronauer, L./Edwards, P.J..
Wider spectrum of fruit traits in invasive than
native floras may increase the vulnerability of
oceanic islands to plant invasions. Oikos. 118:
1327-1334.
"Two of the invasive (Chrysobalanus icaco, Syzygium jambos) and one native
species (Syzygium wrightii) have larger fruits that are only dispersed by fruit bats,
although they are eaten by birds (Kueffer 2006)."
Page 7 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
707
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid,
pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and
large fruit with no means of external attachment]
707
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"Seed dispersion is presumed to be by gravity, water, birds, bats, domestic
animals, and humans."
708
2004. Kueffer, C.. Impacts of woody invasive
species on tropical forests of the Seychelles.
PhD Dissertation. Swiss Federal Institute Of
Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
"Observations of frugivory on fruits of alien woody plant species. [Chrysobalanus
icaco listed as being dispersed by Acridotheres tristis (Common Mynah) and
Coracopsis nigra barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot)]"
801
2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical
Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian
Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
"Fruit ellipsoid, 1-2" long, yellow, pinkish white, red, or purple, flesh white, insipid,
pit obovoid ca 1" long x 0.6", with 6-7 lengthwise furrows." [no evidence, and
large, one-seeded fruit unlikely to reach such high densities]
802
2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the
United States & its Territories: Thamnic
Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-
1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of
Tropical Forestry,
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht
m
"This seed lot gave 89 percent germination beginning 34 days after sowing
sample (Francis and Rodríguez 1993). No scarification or other seed treatment is
needed." [longevity of natural seed bank unknown]
803
1969. Bovey, R.W./Morton, H.L./Baur, J.R./Diaz-
Colon, J.D./Dowler, C.C./Lehman, S.K.. Granular
Herbicides for Woody Plant Control Granular
Herbicides for Woody Plant Control. Weed
Science. 17(4): 538-541.
"Species resistant to picloram included pomarrosa, Santa Maria (Calophyllum
brasiliense (Camb.), coco-plum (Chrysobalanus icaco L.), and fiddle- wood
(Petitia domingensis Jacq.)." [no other information found on control of this
species with herbicides]
804
2009. University of Florida IFAS. Landscape
Plants - Chrysobalanus icaco, Cocoplum.
http://hort.ufl.edu/woody/Pages/chrica/chrica.sht
ml
"Cocoplum is used most often as a clipped hedge, however it can be pruned into
a multi-trunked small tree or specimen shrub…Healthy plants respond nicely to
reduction pruning which keeps plants small. This pruning technique presents a
very formal or neat appearance to the surrounding landscape. Many reduction
cuts on branches one-half to three-quarters inch diameter are made at the edge
of the canopy every other year. Few if any interior branches are removed. Trees
grow slightly larger each year but remain much smaller than they would without
pruning. Appropriately performed, few people would recognize that the trees were
pruned."
805
2009. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. Unknown
Page 8 of 8
Print Date:
3/28/2011
Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae)
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