LETTERS TO
THE EDITOR
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
responding to plasmapheresis
A
47
year
old
man
presented
to
the
emergency department of our hospital. He
was born in Uruguay, but had lived in
Australia for many years and had not
travelled overseas recently. He had no rel-
evant medical history or record of illicit drug
use. He had a 2 week history of a coarse, pos-
tural tremor of the upper limbs and an
unsteady gait and was brought to hospital
after an unwitnessed fall at home. On arrival
he was alert but “irritable”; shortly thereafter
he had a generalised seizure, which was
treated
with
intravenous
diazepam
and
phenytoin. Several hours later he had failed to
regain consciousness: he was breathing spon-
taneously, with roving eyes, absent oculo-
cephalic reflexes, generalised hypertonia and
hyperreflexia, bilateral extensor plantar re-
sponses, was afebrile, and had no neck
sti
Vness. He was intubated for airway man-
agement and had a normal precontrast and
postcontrast cerebral CT. A lumbar puncture
disclosed normal CSF pressure (15 cm H
2
O),
with a high protein (1.34 g/l) but normal cell
count and glucose. Angiography of the verte-
brobasilar system was normal. Intravenous
heparin was started, and later intravenous
acyclovir. After extubation, he had ongoing
cognitive impairment and remained generally
hyperreflexic with extensor plantar responses.
His admission was characterised by a fluctu-
ating, but slowly improving, delirium. He had
short term memory deficits, visual and audi-
tory hallucinations, and paranoid delusions.
His upper limb tremor persisted and he had a
second generalised seizure. His EEG was dif-
fusely slow without epileptiform activity; this
later
improved.
C-reactive
protein
was
58 mg/l but other investigations were normal
or negative, including routine haematology
and biochemistry, erythrocyte sedimentation
rate, ANA, ANCA, HIV, and syphilis serol-
ogy, carotid Doppler studies, brain MRI
(precontrast
and
postcontrast),
tran-
soesophageal echocardiography, and CSF
culture
(including
herpes
simplex
virus
polymerase chain reaction). By discharge, his
mental function had improved and he was
taking
clonazepam,
phenytoin,
car-
bamazepine, and haloperidol.
He presented again 3 weeks later with
worsening generalised tremulousness. He was
oriented but distractable. His CSF pressure
was raised (21 cm H
2
O) and protein was
again high (1.06 g/l). Serum B12, folate, and
TSH concentrations were normal and anti-
cardiolipin antibodies were negative. His
mental state fluctuated dramatically—from
coherent, to agitated, to stuporose—often
over a 24 hour period; his command of Eng-
lish paralleled his mental state. Despite being
euthyroid, his antimicrosomal and antithy-
roglobulin antibody titres were markedly
raised (figure, point A). A diagnosis of Hashi-
moto’s encephalopathy was made and treat-
ment with intravenous methylprednisolone
was commenced, followed by oral pred-
nisolone and azathioprine. His level of
consciousness improved, as did his memory,
and he was able to perform simple arithmetic.
He was discharged from hospital, but 4 weeks
later he had not returned to his premorbid
level of functioning, with an ongoing tremor
and di
Yculties feeding and dressing himself.
Additional treatment was considered neces-
sary, and the patient had a course of
plasmapheresis (four exchanges, total 26.8
litres), with the rationale being to remove the
presumed pathogenic humoral antibody. The
volume of plasma exchanged per treatment
was 1.5 times to twice the total plasma
volume, and the number of exchanges was
consistent with the treatment of other au-
toimmune neurological disorders.
His condition improved after the first
plasma exchange, and by the end of treatment
he was able to dress and feed himself and
converse in English. He was able to return to
part time work as a cleaner. This clinical
improvement was accompanied by a further
decline in antibody concentrations (figure,
point B). He remained well, with slowly rising
antibody titres, but when another seizure
occurred plasmapheresis (three exchanges,
total 21.0 litres) again resulted in a decline in
antibody concentrations (figure, point C) and
clinical improvement. He continued taking
prednisolone and azathioprine throughout
this time. He remained euthyroid and had no
goitre.
The patient later had a further relapse,
associated with generalised seizures. A trial of
intravenous gammaglobulin was without ef-
fect
and
his
condition
again
improved
promptly with plasmapheresis. When last
seen in the outpatient clinic he was clinically
well, had no further seizures, and was taking
prednisolone,
azathioprine,
sodium
val-
proate, topiramate, and warfarin. He was
building a barbecue at home and his wife
thought he was as well as he had ever been.
Two days later he was found dead at home by
his wife. Initial postmortem examination
failed to find a definite cause of death and
further pathological investigations are pro-
ceeding.
After the initial report by Brain et al in
1966,
1
there have been several other indi-
vidual case reports and series of patients with
neurological syndromes associated with high
titres of antithyroid antibodies. Our patient
followed the typical course described in other
cases of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, with
tremor and seizures, fluctuating encepha-
lopathy, high CSF protein, and a di
Vusely
abnormal EEG.
2–4
Although abnormalities in
brain MRI have been described,
3–5
other
patients have had normal MRI,
3 4
as did our
patient. The unique feature of the present
case was the patient’s clinical and serological
improvement with plasmapheresis, a treat-
ment that has not been previously described
in connection with this condition. The
pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
remains unclear. Several theories have been
proposed, including a generalised abnormal-
ity of the immune system, cerebral vasculitis,
recurrent demyelination, or a toxic e
Vect of
thyrotropin
releasing
hormone
on
the
CNS.
3 4
It is clear, however, that an abnor-
mality of thyroid function itself cannot
explain this condition, as many patients
described in the literature are euthyroid
either at the time of presentation or relapse.
An autoimmune basis is suggested by the
high concentrations of antithyroid antibodies
and improvement with immunosuppressive
therapy. The precise role of antithyroid
antibodies is also unclear: if they are to be
implicated as pathogenic, then it is surprising
that more cases of encephalopathy are not
seen in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
It is possible that the antithyroid antibodies in
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy are a surrogate
marker for other, as yet unknown, antibodies
that cross the blood-brain barrier and initiate
an
autoimmune
encephalopathy. Various
immunosuppressive treatments have been
used in this condition, including cortico-
steroids,
azathioprine,
cyclophosphamide,
and intravenous immunoglobulin.
2 4 5
This patient’s clinical course demonstrates
that the response to corticosteroids may be
incomplete and that additional clinical and
serological improvement can be achieved
with the use of plasmapheresis. It is unclear
whether the patient’s death was related to his
underlying neurological condition. If it was,
then
it
is
a
further
indication
of
the
unpredictable course and outcome of Hashi-
moto’s encephalopathy.
We thank Dr R Lindeman for his assistance with
plasmapheresis.
P M BOERS
J G COLEBATCH
Institute of Neurological Sciences, Level 2, High Street
Building Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New
South Wales 2031, Australia, and The University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence to: Dr P Boers
P.Boers@unsw.edu.au
1 Lord Brain, Jellinek EH, Ball K. Hashimoto’s
disease
and
encephalopathy.
Lancet
1966;ii:512–14.
2 Shaw PJ, Walls TJ, Newman PK, et al.
Hashimoto’s
encephalopathy:
a
steroid-
responsive disorder associated with high anti-
thyroid antibody titres—report of 5 cases. Neu-
rology 1991;
41:228–33.
3 Kothbauer-Margreiter
I,
Sturzenegger
M,
Komor J, et al. Encephalopathy associated with
Hashimoto thyroiditis: diagnosis and treat-
ment. J Neurol 1996;243:585–93.
4 Peschen-Rosin R, Schabet M, Dichgans J.
Manifestation of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
years before onset of thyroid disease. Eur Neu-
rol 1999;41:79–84.
5 Bohnen NILJ, Parnell KJ, Harper CM. Revers-
ible MRI findings in a patient with Hashimo-
to’s encephalopathy. Neurology 1997;49:246–7.
Meningoencephalitis after streptokinase
treatment
The mechanisms underlying allergic reac-
tions to streptokinase treatment can be
divided into three major groups: immediate
IgE mediated (type I), immune complex
deposition (type III), and antiorgan antibody
mediated (type II). Apart from cerebral
haemorrhage the only previously reported
neurological complication of streptokinase
therapy is the Guillan-Barré syndrome.
1
We
present a case of meningoencephalitis after
streptokinase therapy.
A 52 year old man presented with classic
features of an acute anterior myocardial
infarction. Treatment with oral aspirin and
intravenous streptokinase was initiated. Fif-
Titres of antithyroid antibodies over a 6 month
period. Treatment with corticosteroids and
azathioprine was started at diagnosis (A).
Plasmapheresis was performed at B and C.
1200
900
600
0
300
U/ml
20 April
6 July
B
A
C
Limit of normal range
Antithyroglobulin
Antimicrosomal
20 October
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:132–141
132
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