The information given for each of the species in this section is a summary of know
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Publication: The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London (Transl.) 1809 22 (1809), subsp. cajuputi; Novon 7: 113 (1997), subsp. cumingiana; Novon 7: 113, fig. 1A–D (1997), subsp. platyphylla Derivation: cajuputi, from cajuput, an English name of the oil distilled from the foliage of this species, itself probably a corruption of the Indonesian name for the plant, kayu putih; cumingiana, in honour of Hugh Cuming (1791–1865), an English traveller and naturalist who made major botanical, zoological and conchological collections in the Malesian region; platyphylla, from the Greek platys, broad, wide, flat, level, phyllon, leaf Description:
2–35(–46) m tall; bark papery, grey, brownish, pinktan or whitish. Branchlets gla
brescent, sericeouspubescent hairs on young growth, weathering to pubescent to puberulous hairs on older growth.
alternate, 40–140 mm long, 7.5–60 mm wide, 1.3–9.7 times as long as wide, long or shortpet iolate; blade glabrescent, sericeous, narrowly elliptic, very narrowly elliptic, elliptic or oblong, in transverse section transversely linear, the base attenuate, the apex narrowly acute, acute, obtuse or rarely acuminate, the veins longitudinal, 5–9, oil glands moderately dense, obscure, scattered.
spicate, pseudotermi nal and often also upper axillary, rarely interstitial, with 8–20 triads, up to 28 mm wide. Hypanthium hairy or glabrous, 1.5–1.8 mm long.
abaxially hairy or glabrous, 0.9–1.5 mm long, scarious in a marginal band 0.15–0.5 mm wide. Petals deciduous, 1.7–2.5 mm long. Stamens (6–)8–12(–15) per bundle; filaments white, cream or greenishyellow, 9–10.5 mm long, the bundle claw 1–3.5 mm long, 0.1–0.4 times as long as the fila ments.
7.8–11.2 mm long. Ovules 35–55 per locule. Fruit 2–2.8 mm long, the calyx lobes deciduous; cotyledons obvolute or subobvolute (almost planoconvex).
tralia, Northern Territory; also Indonesia, East Timor: the Dampier Peninsula – Calder River – Fitzroy Crossing district in Western Australia and the northern portion of the Northern Territory. subsp. cumingiana: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, western Melaleuca cajuputi Powell
7. Species ac counts
— Melaleuc a c ajuputi 105
7. Species ac counts — Melaleuc a c ajuputi (c on tinued ) Java, southwestern Kalimantan). subsp. platyphylla: Queensland; also Indonesia, Papua New Guinea: from the Torres Strait islands south to the Cairns district in Queens land; southern Papua province, Indonesia, and southern Papua New Guinea. Ecology: subsp. cajuputi: Recorded as occurring in woodland, vine forest, gallery forest, savannah forest, on cracking black clay, black peaty sand, and clay loam. subsp.
est. subsp. platyphylla: Recorded as occurring in swamp forest, mixed open forest, swamp woodland, tall savannah, sedgeland, on sandy soil, and clay pans. Flowering time: subsp. cajuputi: Recorded as flowering from March to November. subsp. cumingiana: Recorded as flowering from February to December. subsp. platyphylla: Recorded as flowering from January to May, August to September.
appears to exist as one chemotype, with major amounts of 1,8cineole, although several samples of a type contain ing Enerolidol have also been identified. The oil of this subspecies contained 1,8cineole (15–60%), limonene (1–5%), viridiflorene (0.5–7%), aterpineol (1–7%), glob ulol (0.2–8.0%), viridiflorol (0.2–10.0%), spathulenol (0.4–30.0%) and bcaryophyllene (1–4%). The nerolidol samples contained Enerolidol (93–95%) as the major component. subsp. cumingiana: Although M. cajuputi subsp. cajuputi is the basis of the cajuput oil industry in Indonesia and South East Asia, it is notable that samples of subsp. cumingiana from this region contained very little 1,8cineole. A sample from Vietnam contained gter pinene (19%), terpinolene (20%), bcaryophyllene (19%), ahumulene (9%), apinene (3%) and bpinene (3%) as major components. subsp. platyphylla: The leaf oil of this subspecies of M. cajuputi was found to exist in two chemotypes, one of which was completely terpenoid in character while the other one contained significant amounts of a btriketone and aromatic compounds. Chemotype I contained platyphyllol (1acetyl4meth oxy3,3,5trimethylcyclohex2,5dione) (22–80%), together with cajeputol (1acetyl6hydroxy2,4dimeth oxy3,5dimethylbenzene) (3–57%) as principal components. These were accompanied by small amounts of other terpenes, mainly sesquiterpenes. This chemotype came from the Bensbach River area in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Chemotype II, which came from other areas in PNG and northern Cape York, Queensland, contained significant amounts of apinene (12–70%) and lesser amounts of 1,8cineole (0.1–10.0%), gterpinene (1–10%), pcymene (0.1–7.0%), bcaryophyllene (4–11%), ahumulene (3–8%) and caryophyllene oxide (2–10%). Oil yield: subsp. cajuputi: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) was 0.4–1.2%. subsp. cumingiana: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) was 0.3–0.5%. subsp. platyphylla: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) for chemotype I was 0.2–0.6% and for chemotype II was 0.1–1.2%.
Brophy et al. 1988; Brophy and Doran 1996
The three subspecies are distinguished as follows: subsp. cajuputi: Leaves 2.8–9.7 times as long as wide, 7.5– 26 mm wide; stamens 7–10 per bundle, the bundle claw 1–1.6 mm long. subsp. cumingiana: Leaves 2.2–2.9 times as long as wide; stamens 7–9 per bundle, the bundle claw 2.1–3 mm long. subsp. platyphylla: Leaves 1.3–6.5 times as long as wide, 15–50 mm wide; stamens 8–13 per bundle, the bundle claw 1.1–3.5 mm long. Although M. cajuputi subsp. cajuputi is used locally in Australia by Aborigines as a medicinal plant, it has not entered into commerce in Australia. In Indonesia, on the other hand, selected forms of M. cajuputi subsp. cajuputi are the source of cajuput oil, widely used as a liniment and inhalant. Natural stands are managed to optimise oil production, and plantations have been established. Within the geographical range of subsp. cumingiana, subsp. caju- puti has been widely cultivated in plantations and this may cause some difficulty with the identification of specimens. It is possible that some morphologically intermediate plants may be of hybrid origin. The oil from subsp. cajuputi is sold as cajuput oil in Asian countries. Chemotype I of subsp. platyphylla may have insecticidal properties because of the presence of the known insecticide platyphyllol. The species is useful as an ornamental tree for urban use in the tropics. The bark has been used for caulking boats in Indonesia.
106 Melaleuc a c alcic ola — 7 . Species ac counts
Publication: in Craven, Lepschi & Cowley, Nuytsia 20: 28 (2010)
calcicola, from the pharmaceutical Latin calcium, calcium, hence lime, and the Latin cola, dweller, in reference to the occurrence of this taxon on limestone Synonym: Melaleuca apodocephala subsp. calcicola Bar low ex Craven
0.2–4 m tall. Branchlets soon
glabrescent (the lanuginulose hairs ephemeral). Leaves alternate, 4–11.5 mm long, 0.7–1.7 mm wide, 5–12 times as long as wide, subsessile to shortpetiolate; blade soon glabrescent (the lanuginulosepuberulous to lanuginulose hairs ephemeral), linear, linearobovate, linearovate, very narrowly obovate or very narrowly ovate, in transverse section transversely narrowly elliptic, transversely elliptic, subcircular or flattened transversely semielliptic, the base broadly attenuate or narrowly cune ate, the apex obtusely shortly acuminate, acuminate, narrowly acute, acute or rounded, the veins longitudi nal, 3,
oil glands sparse, obscure, more or less in rows. Inflorescences capitate, lateral or pseudoterminal and then approaching interstitial, with 1–15 monads, up to 12 mm wide. Hypanthium glabrescent, 1–2 mm long. Calyx lobes abaxially glabrescent or glabrous, 0.6– 1.2 mm long, herbaceous to (or almost to) the margin.
deciduous, 1.2–2.3 mm long. Stamens 12–23 per bundle; filaments white or creamywhite, 1.5–5.5 mm long, the bundle claw 1–1.5 mm long, 0.1–0.4 times as long as the filaments.
4–6 mm long. Ovules 15–40 per loc ule.
3–5.5 mm long, with sepaline teeth; cotyledons subobvolute.
Scaddan district eastwards to the western edge of the Nullarbor Plain.
Recorded as occurring in mallee with Mela- leuca understorey, low eucalypt forest, on limestone cliffs, loam, and rocky clay. Flowering time: Recorded as flowering in November. Essential oils: This species produced a monoterpenoid oil, with sesquiterpenes contributing little to the overall oil. The principal monoterpene was terpinen4ol (33%). This was accompanied by lesser amounts of aterpinene (5.2%), gterpinene (8.8%), pcymene (9.8%), aterpineol (3.5%), apinene and athujene (both 2.6%). The principal sesquiterpene encountered was spathulenol (7.1%) and this was accompanied by globulol (1.9%), viridiflorol (0.6%), bicyclogermacrene and cubeban11ol (both 0.4%). Methyl eugenol (0.1%) was also detected. Oil yield: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) was 0.3%. Note: The terpinen4ol content of the oil is reasonably high but unless the yield can be significantly increased the species is not likely to be of economic interest. Melaleuca calcicola (Barlow ex Craven) Craven & Lepschi 107 7. Species ac counts —
a c alo thamnoide s Publication: Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae 3: 114 (1862)
Derivation: calothamnoides, from Calothamnus, a genus of Myrtaceae, and the Greek oides, resembling, in refer ence to a perceived similarity between this species and a species of Calothamnus
0.8–3 m tall. Branchlets glabres
cent, lanuginosesericeous. Leaves alternate, 7.5–13.5 mm long, 0.5–0.9 mm wide, 10–20 times as long as wide, shortpetiolate to subsessile; blade glabrescent, lanuginose sericeous, linear, narrowly oblong or linearobovate, in transverse section transversely semielliptic, subcircular or depressed obovate, the base attenuate, the apex acute to rounded, 1veined,
dense to sparse, distinct to obscure, scattered.
spicate, lateral on second ary shoots and then interstitial or pseudoterminal, with 40–60 monads, up to 40 mm wide. Hypanthium hairy,
1.9–2.3 mm long. Calyx lobes abaxially hairy, 1.2–1.6 mm long, herbaceous to the margin.
deciduous, 1.9– 2.2 mm long.
4–5 per bundle; filaments greenish and tipped with orange or yellow/orange, becoming red at maturity, 15–17 mm long, the bundle claw 2.4–3.5 mm long, 0.2 times as long as the filaments.
c. 17 mm long.
50–85 per locule. Fruit 4–5 mm long, the calyx lobes weathering away or replaced by sepaline teeth (the lobes then often obsolete and persisting on the sepal ine teeth); cotyledons planoconvex.
Murchison River district. Ecology: Recorded as occurring in heathland, dense shrubland, on sand, sand over sandstone, and creek beds. Flowering time: Recorded as flowering from July to October.
by monoterpenes. The principal component was 1,8cin eole (74.2%). This was accompanied by lesser amounts of apinene (1.0%), limonene (3.1%), terpinen4ol (1.0%) and aterpineol (7.8%). Sesquiterpenes contributed very little to the oil, with the principal members being globulol (0.9%), viridiflorol (0.8%), epiglobulol (0.8%) and an unknown sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (1.2%). Oil yield: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) was <0.1%. Notes: Although the species naturally occurs in a region characterised by having a dry Mediterranean climate, it has proved adaptable in other climates and has been reported as being successful in subtropical regions (Elliot and Jones 1993; Wrigley and Fagg 1993). Melaleuca calothamnoides F.Muell.
108 Melaleuc a c al ycina — 7 . Species ac counts
Publication: in Aiton, Hortus Kewensis, ed. 2, 4: 416 (1812)
Derivation: calycina, from the Greek kalyx, calyx Description: Tree or shrub 0.6–3 m tall; bark corky. Branchlets glabrescent, pubescent. Leaves decussate, 5–12 mm long, 2.9–6.8 mm wide, 1.2–2.5 times as long as wide, shortpetiolate or subsessile; blade glabrescent, pubescent, ovate, broadly ovate or narrowly ovate, in transverse section lunate or sublunate, the base rounded, truncate, cuneate or subcordate, the apex acuminate or acute, the veins longitudinal, 5–7, oil glands dense,
obscure to distinct, scattered. Inflorescences subcapitate, pseudoterminal, with 1–2 monads, up to 20 mm wide.
hairy, 2.5–3 mm long. Calyx lobes abaxially hairy or glabrescent, 3.2–4 mm long, herbaceous to the margin. Petals deciduous, 4.4–4.6 mm long. Stamens 22–25 per bundle; filaments white or cream, 7.4–8.4 mm long, the bundle claw c. 2.5 mm long, 0.3 times as long as the filaments. Style 9.5–10.5 mm long.
80–105 per locule. Fruit 5–5.9 mm long, with sepaline teeth; cotyledons planoconvex.
Stirling Range eastwards to the Cape Arid district. Ecology: Recorded as occurring in heathland, low mal lee, open shrubland, on lateritic clay, grey loam, weathered granite, and sand plain.
Recorded as flowering from July to October.
cies contained a mixture mainly of monoterpenes and acylphloroglucinol derivatives. The principal monoter penes identified in the oil were apinene (19.7%), 1,8cineole (7.8%), terpinen4ol (3.1%) and aterpineol (2.2%). Sesquiterpenes were not prominent in the oil, with the principal contributors being globulol (3.3%), viridiflorol (1.3%) and spathulenol (3.9%), no other sesquiterpene being more than 0.5%. Three aromatic compounds were detected in the oil, suspected of being 2,4dimethoxy6hydroxyisobutyrophenone (31.1%), 2,4,6trimethoxyisobutryophenone (1.3%) and 2,4dimethoxy(3 or 5)methyl6hydroxyisobutyrophe none (4.4%). Oil yield: The oil yield (fresh weight, w/w) was 0.2%. Melaleuca calycina R.Br.
109 7. Species ac counts —
a c al yptr oide s Publication: in Craven & Lepschi, Australian Systematic Botany 12: 866 (1999) Derivation: calyptroides, from the Greek kalypto, cover, conceal, hence calyptra, and oides, resembling, in reference to the cap formed by the coherent and caducous petals Description: Shrub 0.3–1.5 m tall. Branchlets hairy to glabrescent, sericeous to minutely sericeous and seri ceouspubescent (often with some sericeouslanuginulose to lanuginulosepuberulous and lanuginulose hairs also).
alternate, 5.5–28 mm long, 0.7–1.7 mm wide, 5–30 times as long as wide, sessile to subsessile; blade hairy to glabrescent, the hairs as on the branchlets, linear, linearobovate or very narrowly obovate, in transverse section transversely elliptic to subcircular or depressed obovate, the base truncate, parallel (blade width equals petiole width) to narrowly cuneate, the apex acuminate, acute or obtuse to rounded, the veins longitudinal, 3,
moderately dense or dense, distinct to obscure, scattered.
capitate, pseudoterminal and sometimes also upper axillary, with 1–2 triads or up to 9 monads, up to 30 mm wide. Hypanthium hairy,
2.5–4 mm long. Calyx lobes abaxially hairy or rarely gla brescent, 0.6–1.8 mm long, herbaceous to the margin or scarious in a marginal band 0.2–0.4 mm wide. Petals cadu
cous, 2–5.5 mm long. Stamens (6–)8–15 per bundle; filaments pink, mauve, purple or magenta, 7.5–16.5 mm long, the bundle claw 1.8–7 mm long, 0.2–0.5 times as long as the filaments.
9–15.5 mm long. Ovules 15–30 per locule.
pegfruited. Fruit 3.5–6 mm long, the calyx lobes weathering away or replaced by weakly developed sepaline teeth; cotyledons obvolute. Natural occurrence: Western Australia: from the Watheroo–Morawa district south to the Merredin–Hyden– Coolgardie district.
mallee shrubland, open scrub, on sand plain, clayey sand, sand over laterite, loamy sand, and lateritic loam.
Recorded as flowering from July to November.
significant amounts of both mono and sesquiterpenes. The principal monoterpenes were 1,8cineole (13–50%), apinene (6–11%), linalool (1–12%) and aterpineol (3–5%). The main sesquiterpenes identified were glob ulol (3–13%), viridiflorol (4–13%), spathulenol (4–8%), beudesmol (1–6%) and cubeban11ol (1–6%).
This member of the M. scabra group warrants trial as a small ornamental shrub for regions with a dry Medi terranean climate as its flowers are very brightly coloured. Melaleuca calyptroides Craven
110 Melaleuc a c ampanae — 7 . Species ac counts
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