B O N Y F İ S H
• Bony fish, (superclass Osteichthyes), any member of the superclass
Osteichthyes, a group made up of the classes Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned
fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) in the subphylum
Vertebrata, including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all
the world’s sport and commercial fishes. The scientific term Pisces has also
been used to identify this group of fishes. Osteichthyes excludes the
jawless fishes of the class Agnatha (hagfishes and lampreys) and the
cartilaginous fishes constituting the class Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates,
and rays) but includes the 29,000 species and more than 400 families of
modern bony fishes (infraclass Teleostei) of the world, as well as a few
primitive forms. The primary characteristic of bony fishes is a skeleton at
least partly composed of true bone (as opposed to cartilage). Other
features include, in most forms, the presence of a swim bladder (an air-
filled sac to give buoyancy), gill covers over the gill chamber, bony
platelike scales, a skull with sutures, and external fertilization of eggs.
• Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial
insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered
with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones,
but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the
inner ear contains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into
anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.
•
• Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped
them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into swim
bladders, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The
lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish
ancestors.)[12][13][14] They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with
lepidotrichia (bone fin rays). They also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without
having to swim.
•
• Bony fish have no placoid scales. Mucus glands coat the body. Most have smooth and
overlapping ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales.
Guiyu oneiros, the earliest
known bony fish, lived
during the Late Silurian,
419 million years
ago).[7][8] It has a
combination of both ray-
finned and lobe-finned
features, although analysis
of the totality of its
features place it closer to
lobe-finned fish.[9][10][11]