Tronox management pty ltd cooljarloo west titanium minerals
Conservation Significant Flora
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- 2.4.2 Introduced Flora
- Table 2: Introduced Taxa Known to Occur Within or in the Vicinity of the Study Area from DEC Records (DEC 2013b)
- Table 3: Summary of Significant Flora and Vegetation Surveys undertaken within Cooljarloo West
- Survey Area (ha) Total Number of Taxa Recorded
- Numbers of Plant Communities Mapped/Described
- Survey (Report reference) Timing of Survey Location of Survey
- Number of Taxa Recorded Number of Families/Genera CS Flora Taxa
2.4.1 Conservation Significant Flora The DPaW threatened flora databases, including the Threatened and Priority Flora Database (TPFL), the Western Australian Herbarium (WAHerb) specimen database, and the Threatened and Priority Flora List (TP List) were interrogated for information regarding CS flora taxa known from within or in the vicinity of the Study Area (DEC 2012). The TPFL and WAHerb databases are interrogated for information that is directly known from within the requested search area (i.e. information from specimens housed at the WAHerb, or known records in the TPFL database). The TP List returns a much broader set of information regarding CS taxa known from within the region of the search area; in this case, the Midwest Region (DPaW region). Therefore, taxa which are returned from the TP List may not actually occur within the search area itself. Appendix B presents conservation codes for Western Australia flora (DPaW 2013c).
The Tronox conservation significant flora database was interrogated for locations of CS flora taxa within the Study Area. This database contains all information regarding CS flora taxa recorded by consultants within the Cooljarloo area, and is current to 2013.
A list of CS flora taxa historically known to occur within or in the vicinity of the Study Area is presented in Appendix C. The list includes CS taxa returned from the DEC database interrogation as well as additional records from other historical studies undertaken in the area (via the Tronox database). A total of 121 CS taxa are known to occur within or in the vicinity of the Study Area, including 16 T-DRF taxa. Of these taxa, 37 are solely from the DEC TP List, and therefore may not occur within the Study Area.
Helena Holdings (2007) undertook a survey for significant Schoenus spp. within the wider Cooljarloo area, including Wondonderrah Nature Reserve, and habitat within the Falcon, Woolka Road, Wongonderrah Road and Yerramullah Road areas. It was determined by Helena Holdings that Schoenus badius (P2) (previously identified by Woodman Environmental within the Falcon area) was actually Schoenus pennisetis (P1). The specimen lodged at the WAHerb of Schoenus badius (P1) (collected by Woodman Environmental) is still held under this name, and therefore this taxon was returned as part of the WAHerb database search; however, for the purposes of this report it has been removed from Appendix C (and Table 9).
A search for environmental matters of national significance using the Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) as listed under the EPBC Act, was performed for the Study Area (DSEWPC (now DoE) 2013a). The results of this search returned eight threatened flora taxa (as listed under the EPBC Act) which may occur in the search area, or species habitat may
Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
12. occur in the search area. Three of these taxa were also returned from the DEC database search and/or were found in previous surveys as shown in Appendix C (Andersonia gracilis,
taxa (Centrolepis caespitosa, Darwinia foetida, Drakaea elastica, Epiblema grandiflorum var. cyaneum and Hemiandra gardneri) were not returned from the DEC database search (DSEWPC 2013a):
Epiblema grandiflorum var. cyaneum was originally listed as Threatened under the EPBC Act under the name E. grandiflorum var. cyanea K. Dixon ms (Commonwealth of Australia 2000); the name was subsequently updated under the Act in 2007 to E.
Interim Recovery Plan (IRP) for this taxon that the genus Epiblema is represented by only one species, with two varieites, and that the only difference between the two varieties is the colour of the flowers (sky-blue in the case of var. cyaneum; lilac-blue to dark mauve in var. grandiflorum) (Luu and English 2004). E. grandiflorum var.
(approximately 160 km south of the Study Area). The name Epiblema grandiflorum var. cyaneum is no longer current, with the two varieties being removed from useage; this taxon is now known as Epiblema grandiflorum, a common taxon (DPaW 2013a). It was noted by Thiele (2011) that the population known as E. grandiflora var. cyaneum was based on a colour variation, with normal coloured plants also occurring in the area; genetic analysis of a very small sample size resulted in little or no genetic differentiation between the paler coloured flowered individuals, and the normal coloured individuals (Thiele 2011).
Centrolepis caespitosa is ranked as Priority (P) 4 in Western Australia and is widespread in the south west of WA with a known range of approximately 380 km from north to south and 280 km from east to west. The closest recorded occurrence of this species is over 120 km from the Study Area (in the vicinity of the Pearce Airforce Base), with the majority of locations recorded from south of Perth, numerous of which occur around Albany (DPaW 2013b). It occurs on white sands and clay, including salt flats and wet areas (DPaW 2013a).
The closest occurrence of Darwinia foetida is over 110 km from the Study Area, in the vicinity of Muchea, Bullsbrook and Gnangara (DPaW 2013a; 2013b). Collections of this taxon vouchered in the WAHerb were taken from areas including dry grey sand, winter-wet damp flats, and seasonally wet areas with poor drainage.
was collected on a fire break on a slope with moist grey sand, under an open woodland of Banksia menziesii, B. attenuata and B. ilicifolia (DPaW 2013a). The species grows on bare patches of sand within otherwise dense vegetation in low-lying areas alongside winter-wet swamps, typically in banksia (Banksia menziesii, B. attenuata and B. ilicifolia) Woodland or Spearwood (Kunzea glabrescens) Thicket vegetation (DEC 2008). While there are some records of this species north of Perth, the majority of records occur south of Perth with numerous records near Busselton (DEC 2013b).
The closest occurrence of Hemiandra gardneri is approximately 50 km north of the Study Area at Cockleshell Gully; this population has not been relocated since 1978 (Stack and Broun 2004). The majority of populations of this species occur inland between Watheroo and Gunyidi in deep yellow to yellow-white sand on Sandplains and hills (DEC 2013b; Stack and Broun 2004).
It is unlikely that any of these five taxa are present in the Study Area. The majority of these taxa are known only from areas a great distance from the Study Area; considerable survey Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
13. effort for CS flora taxa has also been spent within the Study Area, and no individuals of these taxa have been recorded in the Study Area.
The results of the PMST search also returned eight significant invasive flora taxa that are likely to occur in, or habitat for these taxa is likely to occur in the Study Area (DSEWPC 2013). These taxa were:
Asparagus asparagoides
Cenchrus ciliaris
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
Genista sp. x Genista monspessulana
Lycium ferocissimum
Olea europaea
Pinus radiata
Urochloa mutica Asparagus asparagoides, Lycium ferocissimum, Pinus radiata and Urochloa mutica are known from the wider region surrounding the Study Area and therefore may occur within the Study Area. However, Cenchrus ciliaris does not generally occur in the south of Western Australia, and there are no records of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Genista sp. x Genista monspessulana or Olea europaea (other than cultivated plantations) within 140 km of the Study Area (DEC 2013b). It is therefore considered unlikely that these four taxa would occur within the Study Area.
A search of the WAHerb specimen database for records of introduced flora (weed) taxa recorded within the Study Area and surrounds was performed using the online tool NatureMap (DPaW 2013b). A total of seven introduced taxa were returned, as listed in Table 2. Table 2 displays rankings (where available) of introduced taxa in terms of their environmental impact on biodiversity under the under the then Department of Conservation and Land Management’s (CALM) Environmental Weed Strategy for Western Australia (CALM 1999) (Appendix D). There was one result for Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) returned in this search, this being the Declared Pest Moraea flaccida (Australia Weeds Committee 2013). This species is ranked as a Declared Pest (s22) for the whole state under the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act) (Department of Agriculture and Food 2013).
Introduced Taxa Known to Occur Within or in the Vicinity of the Study Area from DEC Records (DEC 2013b)
Taxon Common Name Comments Centaurium tenuiflorum - Ranked as ‘Low’ (CALM 1999) Juncus capitatus Capitate Rush Ranked as ‘Moderate’ (CALM 1999)
(formerly Homeria flaccida) One-leaf Cape Tulip Ranked as ‘High’ (CALM 1999); Declared Pest (Dept. Agriculture 2013)
Yellow Serradella Ranked as ‘Mild’ (CALM 1999)
Coast Beardgrass Ranked as ‘Low’ (CALM 1999)
Annual Beardgrass Ranked as ‘Moderate’ (CALM 1999)
- Ranked as ‘Low’ (CALM 1999) Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
14. 2.5 Local Flora and Vegetation Numerous botanical surveys have been undertaken over many years in the Cooljarloo area, and Table 3 presents a summary of flora and vegetation of the most significant of these studies. Figure 6 presents the location of these survey areas, including the extent of various plant community/Vegetation Type mapping surveys, location of detailed recording sites (sites) and quadrats, and proposed drill lines which have been surveyed within the Study Area. This figure also includes the current Study Area and quadrats established during 2012. Appendix E presents a list of all flora taxa (inclusive of introduced taxa) which have been recorded during these surveys. Where possible taxonomic nomenclature has been updated to reflect changes in taxa names since surveys were conducted.
The majority of surveys undertaken in the area have been to characterise the vegetation (either as structural plant communities or VTs) and/or to survey for CS flora taxa, in order to support either applications for exploration drilling or in relation to mining (including indirect impacts such as groundwater drawdown). Additional studies to monitor the effects of mining activities on the health of flora and vegetation have also been conducted in the area by Woodman Environmental (as summarised in Woodman Environmental 2013a).
Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
15. Table 3: Summary of Significant Flora and Vegetation Surveys undertaken within Cooljarloo West
reference) Timing of Survey Location of Survey Type of Data Collected Size of Survey Area (ha) Total Number of Taxa Recorded Number of Families/Genera CS Flora Taxa Number of Introduced Taxa Numbers of Plant Communities Mapped/Described Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd (Mattiske) (1996) (TIW007/203/96) April 1996 North Mine Reference Sites; no quadrats established 700 272
40 families
6 CS flora taxa (all Priority Flora taxa) NA
15 plant communities Mattiske (1997) (TIW014/37/97)
September 1997 27000 (South Mine) Reference Sites; no quadrats established 1 000
219 39 families
3 CS flora taxa, including: 1 T (DRF) taxon
2 Priority flora taxa
6 13 plant communities Landcare Services (1999)
(LSC 92) August
1999 ML application 70/1010 No reference sites, transects walked;
Survey for CS flora taxa
199
35 families; 102 genera 7 CS flora taxa,
including; 1 T (DRF) taxon 4 Priority flora 1 undescribed 1 4 major habitat types ecologia (2000) November 1999 Lancelin DTA Extension (includes majority of Study Area) 55 quadrats established 35 000 469
71 families; 231 genera 12 CS flora taxa,
including; 2 T (DRF) 10 Priority flora
67 10 vegetation types Western Botanical (2002)
North and west of the north- western
boundaries of mapping by Mattiske (1996), northwards to Wongonderrah Rd
Unknown
Unknown Unknown 7 (all Priority Flora taxa)
2 land systems, 5 land types, 12 habitat units
Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
16. Survey (Report reference) Timing of Survey Location of Survey Type of Data Collected Size of Survey Area (ha) Total Number of Taxa Recorded Number of Families/Genera CS Flora Taxa Number of Introduced Taxa Numbers of Plant Communities Mapped/Described Woodman
Environmental (2006b)
(Empire05-20) Sep-Nov
2005; May 2006
Mullering (vicinity of Woolka Rd) 131 detailed recording sites;
Targeted survey for CS flora taxa undertaken 6 680 486
71 families
12 CS flora taxa, including 3 T (DRF)
32
25 (also 7 other areas mapped as mosaics or cleared) Woodman Environmental (2006c) (Tiwest05-37)
November 2005 Falcon
Detailed Site recordings 1 233 289
53 18 (including 1 T (DRF)
15
12 plant communities Woodman
Environmental (2007a)
(Tiwest06-23) December 2006 Cooljarloo West Survey of drill lines for CS flora taxa NA
NA NA
3 T (DRF) Taxa
Plant communities present as per those mapped by Woodman (WEC 2006b)
Woodman Environmental (2007b) (Tiwest06-23) October - November 2006 Falcon (and adjacent UCL and Nature Reserves (regional plots)) M70/1162 & M70/1163 27 quadrats established (in Falcon); 24 quadrats established (regional plots) 1 233
(Falcon) 373
(includes results
from WEC 2006c);
202 (in regional plots)
taxa (including two T (DRF)) at Falcon – includes historical data; 1 T (DRF) and 2 Priority flora additionally located only in regional plots 21
(including results from WEC 2006c) 8 (in
adjacent areas)
Total of 8 FCTs described; 7 of which occur at Falcon Helena Holdings (2007)
(Tiwest07-01) October – December 2007
Wongonderrah Road to Regans Ford Survey for populations of Schoenus species
Not detailed NA NA
2 CS flora taxa (both Priority Flora taxa)
NA NA
Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
17. Survey (Report reference) Timing of Survey Location of Survey Type of Data Collected Size of Survey Area (ha) Total Number of Taxa Recorded Number of Families/Genera CS Flora Taxa Number of Introduced Taxa Numbers of Plant Communities Mapped/Described Rockwater Pty Ltd (2008) (143.12/08/02) October - December 2007 Cooljarloo West Survey of drill lines for CS flora taxa NA
NA NA
30 CS flora taxa
(including 4 T (DRF)) taxa NA 30 vegetation communities described Woodman Environmental (2009a) (Tiwest08-03) March 2008
Falcon (mapping of groundwater extension area, tying into Falcon area) 48 quadrats (in Falcon extension area);
4 quadrats (regional plots) 3 591
391 native taxa
(includes previous Falcon studies) 15 (only in extension area, includes 1 T (DRF) taxon
23 (includes results from previous Falcon studies) Total of 12 FCTs (all represented within the Falcon and/or Falcon extension area) Woodman
Environmental (2009c)
(Tiwest08-19-01) November 2008 Cooljarloo West exploration lease areas 286 detailed recording sites (including sites from WEC 2006b) 26 150
617 native taxa
(including WEC
2006b; 2007a)
31 CS flora taxa (an additional 22 also recorded in area in previous surveys); Four DRF (T) taxa recorded 42 (includes results from WEC 2006b; 2007a)
Total of 22 structural plant communities mapped Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd (2010) (TJV1002/130/10) September – November 2010 Cooljarloo West and Cooljarloo North-West Drill Line survey
NA NA
NA 13 CS flora taxa (including 1 T (DRF) taxon) NA
NA Woodman
Environmental (2011)
(Tiwest10-35-01) October
2010 Southern portions of Cooljarloo North 96 quadrats (72 in mulched
areas, 24 in non-mulched areas) NA
259 taxa (250 native taxa) 130/44
10 CS flora taxa (all Priority taxa) 9 6 plant communities Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd (2012) (TJV1102/085/11) September – November 2011 Cooljarloo West (and Cooljarloo North-West and Cooljarloo South-West) Survey of drill lines for CS flora taxa NA
NA NA
4 CS flora taxa, including 3 T (DRF) taxa
NA NA
Tronox Management Pty Ltd Cooljarloo West Mineral Sands Mine Flora and Vegetation Assessment Woodman Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd
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