Vegetation, Flora and Wetland Survey at the
Wonnerup South Mineral Sands Deposit
For
Cristal Mining Australia
December 2012
Russell Smith MPhil (Plant Ecology) BSc (Hons)
Ekologica Pty Ltd
PO Box 207 Bunbury
WA 6230
Ph: (08) 9725 4014
1
Contents
Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Location, Landscape and Soils ................................................................................................................ 3
3. Vegetation and Flora .............................................................................................................................. 3
3.1. Broadscale Vegetation Mapping .................................................................................................... 3
3.2. Previous Vegetation Survey of the Study Area .............................................................................. 4
4. Regulatory Context ................................................................................................................................. 6
4.1. Threatened and Priority Flora ........................................................................................................ 6
4.2. Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities .......................................................................... 6
5. Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 9
6. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 9
6.1. Flora including Rare Flora ............................................................................................................... 9
6.2. Plant Communities ......................................................................................................................... 9
6.3. Vegetation Condition ...................................................................................................................10
6.4. Conservation Significance of the Vegetation ...............................................................................10
7. Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................11
8. References ............................................................................................................................................13
Appendix 1. List of vascular flora found in the study area. ..........................................................................15
Appendix 2. Species Lists at Releve Sites .....................................................................................................17
Appendix 3. Pictures of the Study Area Plant Communities. .......................................................................19
2
Summary
Ekologica Pty Ltd was commissioned by Ennovate Consulting on behalf of Cristal Mining Australia
Resources Incorporating Cable Sands (Cristal Mining Australia Resources) to review flora and vegetation
values at native remnants occurring on privately owned farmland (Lot 3819), Wonnerup South. The
study area, comprising 233.8 ha, is situated 6 km east south east of the town of Busselton.
All remnant native vegetation and several areas of wetland, comprised almost exclusively of introduced
species, was surveyed on 27
th
October 2012. Only forty species of flora were identified within the study
area, of which thirty were introduced species.
No plant taxa gazetted as Declared Rare Flora pursuant to subsection (2) of section 23F of the Western
Australian Wildlife Conservation Act (1950) or listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 were located. Additionally, no Priority
Flora as defined by the Department of Environment and Conservation were located within the study
area.
Four plant communities were recognized in the study area, all of which consisted of an overstorey of
natives trees and an understorey of introduced species (pasture species and agricultural weeds).
Although one of the communities (Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata woodland) probably
was once an occurrence of the threatened ecological community “Corymbia calophylla woodlands on
heavy soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain” (SCP01b), the only resemblance now is in the overstorey
species and because of the absence of native understorey taxa it could not be considered an occurrence
of the TEC.
Due to their small size (< 2 ha) and ongoing grazing all of the remnants lack a native understorey
component and there was no regeneration of the native overstorey species. All were assessed as
“completely degraded” using the definition of Keighery (1994).
Some of the remnants of native vegetation in the study area occur on the Abba Plains soil-landscape
system, of which only 5% of the pre-European extent remains uncleared and none is contained in secure
reserves (Molloy et al., 2007). Both of the vegetation complexes represented by the study area remnants
are considered to be poorly reserved, with less than the target 15% in secure conservation reserves (EPA,
2006).
However, because of their absence of native understorey species and of regeneration by the native
overstorey species the study area remnants are considered to have little or no conservation value as
representatives of Abba Plains vegetation.
3
1.
Introduction
Cristal Mining Australia Resources Ltd are preparing the necessary approvals for the development of the
Wonnerup South mineral sands deposit. As part of this process, Cristal Mining Australia had vegetation
survey work conducted by Onshore Environmental Consultants on Lot 7 to the east of Sues Road and
part Lot 3819 in 2006, and on Lot 7 only in 2009. Ekologica Pty Ltd was contracted to carry out a further
Spring survey of part Lot 3819 to finalize the vegetation survey and to prepare a report that presented
the results of this survey and to summarize previous findings with regard to vegetation and flora in the
Study Area. The Study Area on Lot 3819 covers 233.8 ha (Fig. 1). In addition, a specific wetland buffer
study was required of the Study Area to support an application to clear native vegetation under the
Environmental Protection Act 1986.
2.
Location, Landscape and Soils
The Study Area is located on the Swan Coastal Plain 6 km east south east of the town of Busselton. It is
flanked to the east by Sues Road and by Bussell Highway to the north. Soils and landforms have been
mapped by Tille and Lantzke (1990). This mapping shows that the Study Area is situated on the Abba
Plain land system, a depositional feature formed of Quaternary alluvium, lying between 10 – 40 m above
sea level and containing extensive areas of poor drainage.
The dominant landform pattern is an intricate patchwork of slight depressions and slight rises. The
deeper depressions may become inundated in winter, while the rises tend to suffer subsoil waterlogging.
The northern third of the Study Area has soils belonging to the Cokelup wet clayey flats mapping unit, a
narrow band of sandy soil belonging to the Bassendean soil-landscape system (overlying the Abba Plain
system) traverses the Study Area on a south-west to north-east axis and the southern portion has sandy
grey brown duplex (Abba) and gradational (Busselton) soils of the Abba wet flats and Abba flats mapping
units. A narrow band of recent alluvial soils lies along the Abba River on the eastern boundary of the
Study Area (Tille and Lantzke 1990).
3.
Vegetation and Flora
3.1.
Broadscale Vegetation Mapping
The study area occurs in the Drummond Subdistrict of the Darling Botanical District, in the Southwest
Botanical Province (Beard 1981). Before clearing for agriculture over the last 150 years the original
vegetation of the Abba Plain was an open woodland dominated by marri (Corymbia calophylla), jarrah
(Eucalyptus marginata) and banksia (Banksia grandis). The Bassendean Dune system carried woodland
dominated by jarrah, Agonis flexuosa and Banksia attenuata. Along the drainage lines and on flats and
depressions Eucalyptus rudis occurred with Melaleuca rhaphiophylla, or on some waterlogged flats a
myrtaceous scrub dominated.
4
The vegetation of the southern Swan Coastal Plain was mapped at a broad scale (1: 250,000) by Smith
(1973) and this mapping was digitized by Shepherd et al. (2002). The original vegetation of the northern
portion of the Study Area (on the Cokelup wet clayey flats) is mapped as “Low forest: peppermint
(Agonis flexuosa)”, which is unlikely considering the clayey soil. The narrow band of Bassendean Dune
sand running through the Study Area was mapped by Shepherd et al. (2002) as “Low woodland; banksia”
and the southern portion, on sandy grey brown duplex (Abba) and gradational (Busselton) soils is shown
as “Medium woodland; marri with some jarrah, wandoo, river gum and casuarina”
The vegetation complex mapping by Mattiske and Havel (1998) did not include the part of the Swan
Coastal Plain where the Study Area is situated, however vegetation complex mapping has since been
extended to include the study area (SWBP, 2007). This mapping shows the remnants in the northern part
of the study area and along the Sabina River as belonging to the Ludlow (Lw) vegetation complex, and
the remnants on the central sandy ridge as being Abba (Ad) vegetation complex.
3.2.
Previous Vegetation Survey of the Study Area
A survey of the remnants of native vegetation in the Study Area (as well as the adjacent Lot 7) was
carried out by Onshore Environmental in April 2006. Four plots were established within the remnants, all
rated as “Completely Degraded”, and the following communities were described;
•
Agonis flexuosa Low Forest A over *Lolium rigidum Dense Low Grass
•
Corymbia calophylla/Agonis flexuosa Forest A over *Lolium rigidum Low Grass
•
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla Low Forest A over *Zantedeschia aethiopica/*Rumex pulcher Open
Dwarf Scrub D over * Lolium rigidum Low Grass
•
Corymbia calophylla Woodland over * Rumex pulcher Open Dwarf Scrub D over * Lolium rigidum
Low Grass
On the sandy rise, where most of the remnants occur they were comprised of a sparse canopy of
Corymbia calophylla and Agonis flexuosa, with scattered trees of Eucalyptus marginata ssp. marginata
and Banksia attenuata. Native understorey taxa were virtually absent, due mainly to ongoing livestock
grazing.
Ninety four plant taxa (including varieties and sub-species) were recognized in Lots 7 and 3819, of which
37 were introduced species (Onshore Environmental, 2006). No breakdown in numbers occurring on the
separate lots was provided but it is assumed that most of them occurred on Lot 7 where the remnants
were larger and marginally less degraded. No plant taxa gazetted as Declared Rare Flora pursuant to
subsection (2) of section 23F of the Wildlife Conservation Act (1950) were located. Additionally, no
Priority Flora as defined by the Department of Environment and Conservation (2012a) were located
within the Lot 7 and Lot 3819 survey areas (Onshore Environmental, 2006).
Figure 1. Location of Study Area on Lot 3819, Wonnerup South.
4.
Regulatory Context
4.1.
Threatened and Priority Flora
Species of flora and fauna are defined as Declared Rare or Priority conservation status where their
populations are restricted geographically or threatened by local processes. The Department of
Environment and Conservation (DEC) recognises these threats of extinction and consequently applies
regulations towards population and species protection.
Rare Flora species are gazetted under Subsection 2 of Section 23F of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950
and therefore it is an offence to “take” or damage rare flora without Ministerial approval. Section 23F of
the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950-1980 defines “to take” as “… to gather, pick, cut, pull up, destroy, dig
up, remove or injure the flora or to cause or permit the same to be done by any means.”
Priority Flora are under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’, but are in need of further survey
(Priority One to Three) or require monitoring every 5-10 years (Priority Four). Table 1 presents the
categories of Declared Rare and Priority Flora as defined by the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950
(Department of Environment and Conservation 2012a).
Threats of extinction of species are also recognised at a Federal Government level and are categorized
according to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act),
(Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, 2012a).
A search was made of Naturemap (DEC, 2012b) for Declared Rare Flora and Priority Flora occurring
within 10 km of the Survey Area. The sixty taxa of DRF and PF occurring within this area are shown in
Table 2. All of the DRF species are also listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act. All of the taxa would
have been flowering, or at least have been identifiable at the time of survey.
4.2.
Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities
Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) are communities afforded special protected under the
Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 because they are subject to processes that threaten to destroy or
significantly modify them across much of its range. TECs are categorized as presumed totally destroyed,
critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable (DEC, 2012a). Some TECs are also listed as matters of
national significance under the Commonwealth EPBC Act (Department of Sustainability, Environment,
Water, Population and Communities, 2012b). Potential TECs that do not meet the survey criteria or that
are not adequately defined, are added to a Priority Ecological Community (PEC) list under priority
categories of 1, 2, 3 or 4 (DEC, 2012c).
Three occurrences of threatened ecological communities occur with 10 km of the Study Area, these
being “ Corymbia calophylla woodlands on heavy soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain” (SCP01b),
7
“Herb rich saline shrublands in clay pans” (SCP07) and “Shrublands on dry clay flats” (SCP10a) (FCT07) all
of which are listed as “Vulnerable” (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2012b).
Several priority ecological communities are known from within a 10 km radius of the study area (DEC,
2012d), including ;
•
Eucalyptus cornuta, Agonis flexuosa and Eucalyptus decipiens forest on deep yellow-brown
siliceous sands over limestone (‘Busselton Yate community’) - Priority 1
•
Eucalyptus rudis, Corymbia calophylla, Agonis flexuosa Closed Low Forest (near Busselton) –
Priority 1
•
Eucalyptus patens, Corymbia calophylla, Agonis flexuosa Closed Low Forest (near Busselton)
Table 1. Categories of Declared Rare and Priority Flora as defined by the
Wildlife Conservation Act 1950
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
R
“Taxa which have been adequately searched for and are deemed to be in the wild either rare, in
danger of extinction, or otherwise in need of special protection and have been gazetted as such.'
P1
“Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally <5) populations which are under threat,
either due to small population size, or being on lands under immediate threat. Such taxa are
under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’, but are in urgent need of further survey.”
P2
Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally <5) populations, at least some of which are
not believed to be under immediate threat. Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as
‘rare flora’, but are in urgent need of further survey.”
P3
“Taxa which are known from several populations, and the taxa are not believed to be under
immediate threat (i.e. not currently endangered), either due to the number of known populations
(generally >5), or known populations being large, and either widespread or protected. Such taxa
are under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’, but are in need of further survey.”
P4
“Taxa which are considered to have been adequately surveyed and which, whilst being rare (in
Australia), are not currently threatened by any identifiable factors. These taxa require monitoring
every 5-10 years.”
SPECIES
STATUS
FLOWERING SPECIES
STATUS
FLOWERING
Acacia flagelliformis
P4
May-Sep
Isopogon formosus subsp . dasylepis
P3
Jun-Dec
Acacia semitrullata
P4
May-Oct
Jacksonia gracillima
P3
Oct-Nov
Actinotus whicheranus
P2
Dec-Mar
Johnsonia inconspicua
P3
Oct-Nov
Amperea micrantha
P2
Oct-Nov
Kennedia lateritia
DRF
Oct
Angianthus drummondii
P3
Oct-Dec
Lambertia echinata subsp. occidentalis
DRF
Feb-Dec
Aponogeton hexatepalus
P4
Jul-Oct
Lambertia orbifolia subsp. Scott River Plains (L.W. Sage 684)
DRF
Oct-Jan
Banksia meisneri subsp . ascendens
P4
Apr-Sep
Lasiopetalum membranaceum
P3
Sep-Dec
Banksia nivea subsp. uliginosa
DRF
Aug-Sep
Laxmannia jamesii
P4
May-Jul
Banksia squarrosa subsp. argillacea
DRF
Jun-Nov
Leptomeria furtiva
P2
Aug-Oct
Blennospora doliiformis
P3
Oct-Nov
Lepyrodia heleocharoides
P3
Dec
Caladenia huegelii
DRF
Sep-Oct
Loxocarya magna
P3
Sep-Nov
Caladenia procera
DRF
Sep-Oct
Myriophyllum echinatum
P3
Nov
Calothamnus quadrifidus subsp. teretifolius ms
P4
Nov-Dec
Ornduffia submersa
P4
Sep-Oct
Cardamine paucijuga
P2
Sep-Oct
Pimelea ciliata subsp. longituba
P3
Oct-Dec
Caustis sp. Boyanup (G.S. McCutcheon 1706)
P3
Dec-Jan
Puccinellia vassica
P1
Sep-Nov
Chamaescilla gibsonii
P3
Sep
Pultenaea pinifolia
P3
Oct-Nov
Chamelaucium sp. Yoongarillup (G.J. Keighery 3635)
P4
Nov-Feb
Schoenus benthamii
P3
Oct-Nov
Chordifex gracilior
P3
Sep-Dec
Schoenus natans
P4
Oct
Chorizema carinatum
P3
Oct-Dec
Schoenus pennisetis
P1
Aug-Sep
Conospermum paniculatum
P3
Jul-Nov
Stylidium longitubum
P3
Oct-Dec
Drakaea elastica
DRF
Oct-Nov
Synaphea hians
P3
Jul-Nov
Eryngium sp. Ferox (G.J. Keighery 16034)
P3
Nov
Synaphea petiolaris subsp . simplex
P2
Sep-Oct
Eryngium sp. Subdecumbens (G.J. Keighery 5390)
P3
Nov
Thomasia laxiflora
P3
Oct-Nov
Eucalyptus rudis subsp. cratyantha
P4
Jul-Sep
Thysanotus glaucus
P4
Oct-Nov
Franklandia triaristata
P4
Aug-Oct
Trichocline sp. Treeton (B.J. Keighery & N. Gibson 564)
P2
Nov-Jan
Gastrolobium sp. Yoongarillup (S. Dilkes s.n. 1/9/1969
P1
Aug-Oct
Verticordia attenuata
P3
Dec-May
Grevillea brachystylis subsp . brachystylis
DRF
Aug-Nov
Verticordia densiflora var . pedunculata
DRF
Dec-Jan
Grevillea bronwenae
P2
Jun-Dec
Verticordia lehmannii
P4
Aug-Apr
Grevillea elongata
DRF
Oct
Verticordia plumosa var . ananeotes
DRF
Nov-Dec
Hakea oldfieldii
P3
Aug-Oct
Verticordia plumosa var . vassensis
DRF
Sep-Feb
Table 2. Declared Rare Flora and Priority Flora occurring within 10 km of the Survey Area.
5.
Methods
The Wonnerup South Study Area was surveyed on 27
th
October 2012; all areas of remnant vegetation as
well as several wetland areas comprised almost exclusively of introduced taxa were searched. Vegetation
structure and condition (method of Keighery, 1994) and species data were collected from nine releves
approximately 10 m in diameter sited within bushland remnants (seven releves) and wetlands with no
native overstorey species (two releves). Description of vegetation structure follows the height, life form
and density classes based on those of Muir (1977) and Aplin (1979). A comprehensive list of vascular
flora occurring within the Study Area was compiled, with species not able to be identified in the field
being collected or photographed for later identification. Nomenclature follows that of the Western
Australian Herbarium (DEC, 2012d, 2012e).
6.
Results and Discussion
6.1.
Flora including Rare Flora
Forty species of flora were identified within the study area, of which thirty were introduced species
(Appendix 1). Species representation was highest amongst the Poaceae (11 species) and Myrtaceae (7
species). Species lists for each of the releve sites is presented in Appendix 2.
No plant taxa gazetted as Declared Rare Flora pursuant to subsection (2) of section 23F of the Wildlife
Conservation Act (1950) or listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 were located. Additionally, no Priority Flora as defined by the Department of
Environment and Conservation (2012a) were located within the study area.
6.2.
Plant Communities
The total area of “remnant vegetation” in the study area, defined as clumps of five or more trees within
20 m of each other, is about 8.5 ha comprised of twelve separate areas (Fig. 2). Other individual trees, or
small groups of trees occur outside these areas of remnant vegetation. None of the remnants are fenced
to exclude livestock. Four plant communities were recognized in these areas of remnant vegetation
(photos of the communities are presented in Appendix 3);
A.
Eucalyptus rudis and Agonis flexuosa woodland over grassland/herbland of introduced taxa
including * Pennisetum clandestinum
B.
Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata woodland over Agonis flexuosa, Nuytsia floribunda
low woodland over grassland/herbland of *Lolium rigidum, *Hordeum leporinum, *Arctotheca
calendula and other introduced species
C.
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla low woodland over grassland/herbland of * Lolium rigidum, * Hordeum
leporinum, * Arctotheca calendula and other introduced species
10
D.
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla low forest over * Zantedeschia aethiopica and * Rumex pulcher herbland
In addition there were areas of wetland or dampland vegetation, too small to map, where the native
rush Juncus pallidus occurred along with the introduced rush *J. microcephalus and other non-native
species such as *Cotula coronopifolia, *C. turbinata and *Trifolium hirtum.
6.3.
Vegetation Condition
All of the areas of remnant native vegetation were assessed as “completely degraded” using the method
of Keighery (1994). This condition rating is defined as:
“The structure of the vegetation is no longer intact and the area is completely or almost
completely without native species. These areas are often described as ‘parkland cleared’ with
the flora comprising weed or crop species with isolated native trees or shrubs”
None of the areas of remnant vegetation in the study area had evidence of regeneration of native
species. This is probably because of vigorous competition from established non-native species and the
effects of grazing. The study area is situated in one of the earliest-settled parts of the State where
livestock grazing has occurred for more than 150 years.
6.4.
Conservation Significance of the Vegetation
It is likely that the Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata woodland community described in
section 6.2 (Community A) would once have had affinities with the “Corymbia calophylla woodlands on
heavy soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain” (SCP01b) floristic community type, which is a threatened
ecological community. However, apart from the tree overstorey the remnants bear no resemblance to
this or any other threatened or priority ecological community. Without intensive restoration works it is
unlikely that any of the remnants in the study area will again function as a native ecosystem.
Some of the plant communities in the study area (communities A, C, D) occur on the Abba Plains soil-
landscape system, of which only 5% of the pre-European extent remains uncleared and none in secure
reserves (Molloy et al., 2007). The two vegetation complexes represented in the study area, Ludlow (Lw)
and Abba (Ad) have 24% and 14% of their pre-European area remaining respectively (Mattiske
Consulting and Havel, 2002, Webb et al., 2009). There is 9% of Ludlow (Lw) and none of the Abba (Ad) in
secure conservation reserves. Despite the figure of 24% remaining given for the Ludlow (Lw) complex it is
likely that much of this is in less than “good” condition, particularly the remnants on private property
and the Pinjarra (Abba) Plain/ Spearwood Dunes interface wetlands, such as occurs in the northern part
of the study area (Webb et al., 2009).
Because of their high level of degradation the areas of remnant vegetation in the study area have little
value with regard to floristic values, having no native species in the understorey and no more than three
or four native species in any one remnant. The likelihood of natural regeneration within these remnants
is very low because of grazing by livestock and the competition from established pasture species and
therefore they are not self-sustaining (Spooner et al., 2002, Duncan et al., 2007).
11
7.
Conclusions
A spring survey of remnant native vegetation and areas of wetland comprised almost exclusively of
introduced species was carried out within a 234 ha area of Lot 3819, Wonnerup, proposed for mineral
sands extraction. Only forty species of flora were identified within the study area, of which thirty were
introduced species.
No plant taxa gazetted as Declared Rare Flora pursuant to subsection (2) of section 23F of the Western
Australian Wildlife Conservation Act (1950) or listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 were located. Additionally, no Priority
Flora as defined by the Department of Environment and Conservation were located within the study
area.
Four plant communities were recognized in the study area, all of which consisted of an overstorey of
natives trees and an understorey of introduced species (pasture species and agricultural weeds).
Although one of the communities (Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata woodland) probably
was once an occurrence of the threatened ecological community “Corymbia calophylla woodlands on
heavy soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain” (SCP01b), the only resemblance now is in the overstorey
species and because of the absence of native understorey taxa it could not be considered an occurrence
of the TEC.
Due to their small size (< 2 ha) and ongoing grazing all of the remnants lack a native understorey
component and there was no regeneration of the native overstorey species. All were assessed as
“completely degraded” using the definition of Keighery (1994).
Some of the remnants of native vegetation in the study area occur on the Abba Plains soil-landscape
system, of which only 5% of the pre-European extent remains uncleared and none is contained in secure
reserves (Molloy et al., 2007). Both of the vegetation complexes represented by the study area remnants
are considered to be poorly reserved, with less than the target 15% in secure conservation reserves (EPA,
2006).
However, because of their absence of native understorey species and of regeneration by the native
overstorey species the study area remnants are considered to have little or no conservation value as
representatives of Abba Plains vegetation.
Figure 2. Plant communities in the study area with releve sites indicated.
8.
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14
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Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth, WA.
South West Biodiversity Project. (2007). Mapping & Information Instalment 2 January 2007.
Spooner, P., Lunt, L. and Robinson, W. (2002). Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock
exclusion in remnant grassy woodlands in southern NSW. Ecological Management and
Restoration, 3: 2.
Tille, P.J. and Lantzke, N.J. (1990). Busselton-Margaret River-Augusta land capability study. Western
Australian Department of Agriculture, Land Resources Series No. 5.
Webb, A, Keighery, B.J., Keighery, G.J., Longman, V. (2009). The flora and vegetation of the Busselton
Plain (Swan Coastal Plain) : a report for the Department of Environment and Conservation as
part of the Swan Bioplan Project. Dept. of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western
Australia.
15
Appendix 1. List of vascular flora found in the study area.
16
FAMILY
LATIN NAME
VERNACULAR
NATURALISED
Araceae
Zantedeschia aethiopica
Arum Lily
*
Asteraceae
Arctotheca calendula
Cape Weed
*
Cotula coronopifolia
Waterbuttons
*
Cotula turbinata
Funnel Weed
*
Hypochaeris glabra
Smooth Catsear
*
Sonchus oleraceus
Common Sowthistle
*
Boraginaceae
Echium plantagineum
Paterson's Curse
*
Fabaceae
Lotus subbiflorus
*
Trifolium hirtum
Rose Clover
*
Geraniaceae
Erodium botrys
Long Storksbill
*
Pelargonium capitatum
Rose Pelargonium
*
Juncaceae
Juncus microcephalus
*
Juncus pallidus
Pale Rush
Loranthaceae
Nuytsia floribunda
Christmas Tree
Lythraceae
Lythrum hyssopifolia
Lesser Loosestrife
*
Malvaceae
Malva parviflora
Marshmallow
*
Myrtaceae
Agonis flexuosa
Peppermint
Corymbia calophylla
Marri
Eucalyptus marginata subsp. marginata
Jarrah
Eucalyptus rudis
Flooded Gum
Melaleuca preissiana
Moonah
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla
Swamp Paperbark
Melaleuca viminea
Mohan
planted
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche minor
Lesser Broomrape
*
Poaceae
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Sweet Vernal Grass
*
Avena barbata
Bearded Oat
*
Bromus diandrus
Great Brome
*
Cynodon dactylon
Couch
*
Ehrharta longiflora
Annual Veldt Grass
*
Holcus lanatus
Yorkshire Fog
*
Hordeum leporinum
Barley Grass
*
Lolium perenne
Perennial Ryegrass
*
Lolium rigidum
Wimmera Ryegrass
*
Pennisetum clandestinum
Kikuyu Grass
*
Poa annua
Winter Grass
*
Polygonaceae
Rumex brownii
*
Rumex crispus
Curled Dock
*
Rumex pulcher
Fiddle Dock
*
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus muricatus
Sharp Buttercup
*
Solanaceae
Solanum linnaeanum
*
Solanum nigrum
*
17
Appendix 2. Species Lists at Releve Sites
18
LATIN NAME
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Site 7
Site 8
Site 9
Agonis flexuosa
x
x
x
Arctotheca calendula
x
x
x
x
x
Bromus diandrus
x
x
x
Corymbia calophylla
x
x
x
Cotula coronopifolia
x
x
Cotula turbinata
x
x
Cynodon dactylon
x
Echium plantagineum
x
Ehrharta longiflora
x
x
Eucalyptus marginata
x
Eucalyptus rudis
x
Hordeum leporinum
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hypochaeris glabra
x
Juncus microcephalus
x
Juncus pallidus
x
Lolium perenne
Lolium rigidum
x
x
x
x
Lotus subbiflorus
x
x
Lythrum hyssopifolia
x
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla
x
x
x
Melaleuca viminea
x
Nuytsia floribunda
x
Pelargonium capitatum
x
Pennisetum clandestinum
x
x
x
Poa annua
x
Ranunculus muricatus
x
Rumex brownii
x
Rumex crispus
x
x
Solanum linnaeanum
x
Solanum nigrum
x
Rumex pulcher
x
x
Solanum nigrum
x
Trifolium hirtum
x
x
Zantedeschia aethiopica
x
x
x
19
Appendix 3. Pictures of the Study Area Plant Communities.
20
Plant Community A: Eucalyptus rudis and Agonis flexuosa woodland over grassland/herbland of
introduced taxa including *Pennisetum clandestinum
Plant Community B: Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata woodland over Agonis flexuosa,
Nuytsia floribunda low woodland over grassland/herbland of * Lolium rigidum, * Hordeum leporinum,
*Arctotheca calendula and other introduced species
21
Plant Community C: Melaleuca rhaphiophylla low woodland over grassland/herbland of * Lolium rigidum,
*Hordeum leporinum, *Arctotheca calendula and other introduced species
Plant Community D: Melaleuca rhaphiophylla low forest over * Zantedeschia aethiopica and * Rumex
pulcher herbland
Document Outline - Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Location, Landscape and Soils
- 3. Vegetation and Flora
- 3.1. Broadscale Vegetation Mapping
- 3.2. Previous Vegetation Survey of the Study Area
- 4. Regulatory Context
- 4.1. Threatened and Priority Flora
- 4.2. Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities
- 5. Methods
- 6. Results and Discussion
- 6.1. Flora including Rare Flora
- 6.2. Plant Communities
- 6.3. Vegetation Condition
- 6.4. Conservation Significance of the Vegetation
- 7. Conclusions
- 8. References
- Appendix 1. List of vascular flora found in the study area.
- Appendix 2. Species Lists at Releve Sites
- Appendix 3. Pictures of the Study Area Plant Communities.
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