GLOSSARY
abaxial
the side away from the axis (compare
adaxial)
achene
a small, dry indehiscent fruit with a single locule and a single seed (ovule), and
with the seed attached to the ovary wall at a single point
acuminate
tapering gradually to a protracted point
acute
terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges
separated by an angle less than 90 degrees
adaxial
the side toward the axis (compare
abaxial)
adnate
fusion of unlike parts, as the stamens to the corolla (compare
connate)
alternate
of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different heights on the axis;
of floral parts, on a different radius, e.g. describing the position of stamens
with respect to petals. cf.
opposite
annual
a plant whose life span ends within one year after germination
annular
in the form of a ring
anther
the expanded, apical, pollen bearing portion of the stamen
anthesis
the flowering period, when the flower is fully expanded and functioning
apiculate
terminating in a short, sharp, flexible point
appendage
a structure arising from the surface or extending beyond the tip of another
structure
appressed
pressed closely against but not united with
aril
an appendage growing at or near the hilum of the seed; fleshy thickening of the
seed coat
article
a segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds
ascending
growing erect after an oblique or semi-horizontal beginning
attenuate
tapering gradually
auricle
a small ear-shaped appendage
awl-shaped
short, narrowly triangular, and sharply pointed like an awl
awn
a bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass floret
axil
the angle between a leaf or bract and the axis bearing it. adj.
axillary
axis
a stem, (commonly used for the main stem of a whole plant or of an
inflorescence)
beak
a prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit
bifurcate
two-forked; divided into two branches
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bract
a leaf-like structure, different in form from the foliage leaves and without an
axillary bud, associated with an inflorescence or flower
bracteole
a small bract-like structure borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx of a
flower
branchlet
a small branch
bulb
an underground bud with thickened fleshy scales, as in the onion
calli
small outgrowths in the throat of the corolla
callosity
a hardened or thickened area
calyx
the sepals of one flower collectively
calyx-tube
a tube formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals. cf.
hypanthium
campanulate
bell-shaped
capitate
head-like, or in a head-shaped cluster
capitulum
a racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers compacted on a flattened and
expanded, or rounded apex of a peduncle
capsule
a dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to
release the seeds
carpel
a simple pistil formed from one modified leaf, or that part of a compound pistil
formed from one modified leaf
cheiridium
the joined bracts beneath the flower in
Calytrix, which form a sleeve-like
structure
cilia
in unicellular plants, gametes, spores etc., minute hair-like protoplasmic
protrusions whose movement confers motility on the cell;
in higher plants,
hairs more or less confined to the margins of an organ. sing.
cilium; adj. ciliate
clavate
club-shaped
claw
a narrow, stalk-like basal portion of a petal, sepal or bract
clone
a group of individuals originating from a single parent plant by vegetative
reproduction
column
a structure extending above the ovary and incorporating stigma, style and
stamens
compressed
flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the front and back closer
together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together)
cone
(loosely)
in Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and
bracteoles associated with the flowers
connate
fused to another organ (or other organs) of the same kind
connective
the part of an anther that connects the lobes
conspecific
of the same species
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convolute
of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a form of imbricate aestivation in
which each segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent segment, like a
furled umbrella
cordate
of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the base; heart-shaped
corm
a fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground, in which food reserves are
stored between growing seasons
corolla
the petals of a flower collectively
corymb
a racemose inflorescence in which the pedicels of the lower flowers are longer
than those of the flowers above, bringing all flowers to about the same level
crisped
curled
crown
the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch
cuneate
wedge-shaped
cuspidate
tapering into a sharp, rigid point
cyme
an inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing
axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it
decumbent
spreading horizontally but then growing upwards
decurrent
extending downwards beyond the point of insertion, e.g. of a lamina extending
downwards to form a flange along the petiole
decussate
in pairs, with successive pairs borne at right angles to each other
dehiscent
breaking open at maturity to release the contents
deltoid
triangular, with the sides of about equal length
dentate
toothed
denticulate
finely toothed
dichotomous
forking into two equal branches resulting from the division of the growing
point
disc
a plate or rim of tissue, derived from the receptacle of a flower, occurring
between whorls of floral parts
distal
remote from the point of origin or attachment. cf.
proximal
divaricate
widely spreading
dorsal
relating to the back or outward surface of an organ in relation to the axis, as in
the lower surface of a leaf
dorsiventral
having structurally different upper and lower surfaces
double-conic
relating to the shape of eucalypt buds, when the hypanthium and operculum are
of the same size and cone shape
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drupe
a succulent fruit formed from one carpel, having the seed(s) enclosed in an
inner stony layer of the fruit wall. adj.
drupaceous (which is often used to
mean drupe-like but not strictly a drupe)
ellipsoid
a solid body elliptic in long section and circular in cross section
elliptic
oval in outline, widest at the centre
endemic
having a natural distribution confined to a particular geographical region
entire
having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed
ephemeral
short-lived
epidermis
the outermost cellular layer of a non-woody plant or organ
exserted
protruding, e.g. of stamens with respect to a corolla tube
falcate
sickle-shaped
family
a group of one to many genera believed to be related phylogenetically, usually
clearly separable from other such groups
filament
the stalk of a stamen; a thread one or more cells thick;
in blue-green Algae, a
trichome enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath. cf.
anther
filiform
thread-like
flexuose
with curves or bends; sinuous; somewhat zigzagged
floral
belonging to or associated with a flower
floret
a grass flower, together with the lemma and palea that enclose it (often applied
to flowers in Cyperaceae and Asteraceae)
follicle
a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of
fusion of its edges
free
not fused or united (with other organs)
fruit
the seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after
flowering
fusiform
spindle-shaped, broadest near the middle and tapering toward both ends
genus
a group of species believed to be related phylogenetically and usually clearly
separable from other such groups, or a single species without close relatives.
pl.
genera
glabrescent
becoming glabrous
glabrous
without hairs
gland
a structure, without or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function
glandular
bearing glands; functioning as a gland
glaucous
blue-green in colour, with a whitish bloom (as in the juvenile leaves of many
eucalypts)
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glume
one of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; a chaffy bract in the
grasses or sedges
habit
the growth form of a plant, comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation
habitat
the environment in which a plant lives
halophyte
a plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high
concentrations of salt in its tissues
hastate
arrowhead-shaped but with the basal lobes turned outward rather than
downward
herb
any vascular plant that never produces a woody stem. cf.
forb
herbaceous
not woody; soft in texture
hilum
a scar on the seed indicating its point of attachment
hyaline
translucent, almost like clear glass
hybrid
an offspring of genetically different parents (in a Flora, usually applied where
the parents are of different species)
hypanthium
a cup or tube bearing floral parts above the base, and often above the top, of
the ovary of a flower
imbricate
of perianth parts, having the edges overlapping in the bud. Fig. 25
incurved
bent or curved inwards or upwards;
of leaf margins, curved towards the adaxial
surface
indumentum
the epidermal coverings of a plants, collectively.
indusium
tissue covering the sorus of a fern; the pollen cup of Goodeniaceae.
inferior
of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other flora
parts. cf.
superior
inflexed
bent sharply upwards or forwards
inflorescence
the group or arrangement in which flowers are borne on a plant
internode
the portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive leaves or
leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence)
involucre
a whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster
juvenile
of leaves, formed on a young plant and different in form from the adult leaves
keel
a ridge like the keel of a boat; in particular, a boat-shaped structure formed by
fusion of the two anterior petals of a flower in Fabaceae
keeled
of leaves or bracts, folded and ridged along the midrib
labellum
a lip;
in Orchidaceae, the distinctive median petal that serves as an alighting
platform for pollinating insects
lamina
the blade of a leaf
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lanceolate
of a leaf, about four times as long as it is broad, broadest in the lower half and
tapering towards the tip
leaflet
one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf
legume
a fruit characteristic of the families Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and
Papilionaceae formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or
indehiscent
lignotuber
a woody swelling below or just above the ground, containing adventitious buds
from which new shoots develop if the top of the plant is cut or burnt (common
in the shrubby eucalypts and in many other fire-tolerant Australian shrubs)
ligule
a tongue-shaped or strap-shaped organ; the flattened part of the ray corolla in
the Asteraceae; the membranous appendage arising from the inner surface of
the leaf at the junction with the leaf sheath in many grasses and some sedges
limb
the upper free, spreading portion of a corolla or perianth that is connate at the
base
linear
very narrow in relation to the length, and with the sides parallel
lunate
crescent-shaped
mallee
a growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber
(usually applied to shrubby eucalypts); a plant having the above growth habit
marginal
occurring at or very close to the margin
mericarp
a section of a schizocarp; one of the two halves of the fruit in the Apiaceae
midrib
the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ
mucro
a sharp, abrupt terminal point. adj.
mucronate
nerve
a vein
node
the level (transverse plane) of a stem at which one or more leaves arise
obconical
cone-shaped but attached at the narrower end
obcordate
of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the
pointed end
oblanceolate
similar in shape to
lanceolate but attached at the narrower end
oblique
of a leaf or leaflet, larger on one side of the midrib than on the other, i.e.
asymmetrical. Fig. 23
oblong
having the length greater than the width but no many times greater, and the
sides parallel. Fig. 23
obovate
similar in shape to
ovate but attached at the narrower end. Fig. 23
obtuse
blunt or rounded at the apex, the converging edges separated by an angle
greater than 90 degrees
operculum
a lid or cover becoming detached at maturity by abscission;
in Eucalyptus (for
example), a cap covering the bud and formed by fusion or cohesion of perianth
parts
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opposite
of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral
parts, on the same radius. cf. alternate
orbicular
circular or nearly so
ovate
shaped like a section through the long axis of an egg, and attached by the wider
end. Fig. 23
ovoid
egg-shaped (in three dimensions)
ovule
an immature seed
panicle
a compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are
borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these
paniculate
indeterminate and much branched
papilla
a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an
extension of one epidermal cell. adj.
papillose
pappus
a tuft (or ring) of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla
in Asteraceae and possibly representing the calyx; a tuft of hairs on a fruit
pedicel
the stalk of a flower. adj.
pedicellate
peduncle
the stalk of an inflorescence;
in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp. adj.
pedunculate
peltate
of a leaf, having the stalk attached to the lower surface of the blade, not the
margin (also applied in the same sense to other stalked structures)
penicillate
pencil-shaped; tufted like an artist's brush
perennial
a plant whose life span extends over more than two growing seasons
perianth
the calyx and corolla of a flower, especially where the two are similar
petal
a member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs
of a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously
petiole
the stalk portion of a leaf
phyllode
a leaf whose blade is much reduced or absent, and whose petiole and rachis
have assumed the functions of the whole leaf. cf.
cladode
phylloclade
a very leaf-like, photosynthetic stem of a plant whose true leaves are much
reduced. cf.
cladophyll
pinna
one of the primary divisions or leaflets of a pinnate leaf
pinnule
a leaflet of a bipinnate leaf
pilose
hairy, the hairs soft and clearly separated but not sparse
pinnate
divided into pinnae; once-compound. cf.
bipinnate
pinnatifid
cut deeply into lobes that are spaced out along the axis (of the leaf). cf.
palmatifid
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pinnatisect
dissected down to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it
pistil
a free carpel or a group of fused carpels
placenta
a region, within an ovary, to which ovules are attached
plumose
like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis
pod
a leguminous fruit
pollen presenter
the modified style end in
Banksia
pollination
the transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive
region of a female organ, e.g. from anther to stigma
procumbent
trailing or spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes
prostrate
lying flat on the ground
pruinose
having a whitish, waxy, powdery bloom on the surface
puberulous
covered with minute, soft, erect hairs
pubescent
covered with short, soft, erect hairs
pulvinus
a swelling at the base of the stalk of a leaf or leaflet, often glandular or
responsive to touch
punctate
marked with dots
pungent
ending in a stiff, sharp point; having an acrid taste or smell
raceme
an indeterminate inflorescence in which a main axis produced a series of
flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. adj.
racemose
rachis
the axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; pl.
rachises. secondary rachis:
the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf
receptacle
the axis of a flower (=
torus); in ferns, an axis on which sporangia arise
recurved
curved or curled downwards or backwards
reflexed
bent sharply downwards or backwards
reticulate
forming a network
retrorse
directed backwards or downwards. cf.
antrorse
revolute
rolled downwards or backwards
rhizome
a horizontal underground stem
rhomboid
quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse
scabrid (= scabrous)
rough to the touch
scale
a reduced or rudimentary leaf
scape
the stem-like, flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves
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scarious
dry and membranous
sclerophyllous
with leaves stiffened by sclerenchyma
sepal
a member of the (usually green) outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding
the fertile organs of a flower
serrate
toothed, with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward. Fig. 24
sessile
without a stalk (when applied to a stigma, indicates that the style is absent, the
stigma being 'sessile' on the ovary)
seta
a bristle or stiff hair
shrub
a woody plant less than 5 metres high, either without a distinct main axis, or
with branches persisting on the main axis almost to its base
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