National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report 10
Australian Greenhouse Office
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Title
Shrinkage and density of
Australian and other South-west
Pacific woods
Shrinkage and density of
Australian and other South-east
Pacific woods
The anatomy of Eucalypt woods
Australian timbers: Volume two
Queensland Timbers: Their
nomenclature,
density and lyctid
susceptibility.
The mechanical properties of
174 Australian timbers
The mechanical properties of
Australian, New Guinea and
other timbers
Goldfields timber: Research report
An assessment of the kraft
pulping properties of residual
mature
eucalypt roundwood from
East Gippsland
Kraft pulping of East Gippsland
eucalypt regrowth
Density and shrinkage of four low
rainfall plantation grown eucalypts
Wood densities for fifty-two
Australian tree species
Wood in Australia: Types,
properties and uses
Where to shoot your pilodyn:
Within
tree variation in basic
density in plantations of
Eucalyptus globulus and
E. nitens
in Tasmania
Notes
Division of Forest Products
Technological Paper No 13.
Division of Building Research
Technical Papers (Second Series)
No. 38
Forest Products Laboratory:
Division of Applied Chemistry
Technological Paper No. 66
Technical Pamphlet No.2
Division of Forest Products
Technological Paper No. 25
Bulletin No. 279
Department
of Commerce and Trade;
Goldfields Esperance Development
Commission; Department of
Conservartion and Land
Management; Goldfields Specialty
Timber Industry Group Inc. and
Curtin University, Kalgoorlie Campus
Appita Vol. 44 No. 4
Appita Vol. 44 No. 6
Unpublished data
CSIRO Technical Report
New Forests 15: 205-221
Year
1961
1981
1972
1999
1989
1963
1957
1999
1990
1991
2000
1994
1983
1998
Organisation
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
Department of
Natural
Resources,
Queensland
Department of
Forestry,
Queensland
CSIRO
CSIRO
Research Project
Steering Committee
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
CSIRO
McGraw – Hill Book
Company Australia
CSIRO
Author
Kingston R.S.T. and
Risdon C.J.E.
Budgen B.
Dadswell H.E.
Fairbairn E.
compiled by
Cause M.L., Rudder
E.J. and Kynaston W.T.
Bolza E. and Kloot N.H.
Stewart A.M. and
Kloot N.H.
Siemon G.R. and
Kealley I.G.
Mamers H., Balodis V.,
Garland C.P., Langfors
N.G., Menz D.N.J. and
Chin C.W.J.
Mamers H., Balodis V.,
Garland C.P., Langfors
N.G. and Menz D.N.J.
Blakemore P.
Davis B.
Bootle K.R.
Raymond C.A. and
MacDonald A.C.
Data reference number
References
2.2 Species commercially harvested in each State
175
2.3 Plantation eucalypts
176
2.4 Forest biomass inventory: through the incorporation of wood density values for
common species.
176
3.
Results
176
3.1 Natural and commercial species
176
3.2 Commercial hardwood plantations
205
4.
Conclusions
212
Appendix 3
213
1.
Species distribution maps
213
LIST OF TABLES
Appendix 2
Table 1.
List of common species in Australia (supplied by Mr. Arthur Court). Column 1 lists
those common species in the “Australia’s State of Forest Report” whilst Columns 2-6
list those species commonly harvested in State Forests in Australia.
177
Table 2.
Indigenous hardwood and Callitris timber species commonly harvested in NSW including
volumes and proportion of the total harvest for 1998/99.
206
Table 3.
Indigenous hardwood timber species harvested in WA from state forests and private property.
207
Table 4.
Indigenous hardwood timber species harvested from State Forests in Victoria.
208
Table 5.
Indigenous hardwood/softwood timber species harvested from State Forests in Tasmania
in 1998/99. (Information from Mr Michael Wood.)
209
Table 6a.
Indigenous timber species harvested from State Forests in Queensland in 1998/99. Includes
Hardwoods and Callitris. (Information from Mr C. Bragg).
210
Table 6b.
Sawlog yields from crown forests in Queensland from 1 July 1999 - 30 June 2000.
210
Table 7.
Areas planted to hardwood plantations by State (data from BRS, March 2000).
211
Table 8.
Areas planted by tree species up till 1994 and estimates of proportion of species planted
in 1994 and 2000.
212
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Example of a temperature controlled oven for drying sections.
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Figure 2.
Diagram of water displacement method for measuring volume.
4
Figure 3.
Pilodyn tester used for estimating basic density in a eucalypt log.
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Australian Greenhouse Office
vi
gradual increase with height. Many very
useful references to studies on density
variation of eucalypts are given in Hillis
and Brown (1984).
2.
Wood density in trees appears to be
controlled more by a combination of
environmental factors than by its radial
growth rate. Rainfall affects density
variation. Application of fertiliser results in
decreases in average wood density whereas
the effects of thinning are variable (Hillis
and Brown 1984).
3.
Annual ring average density generally
increases from pith to bark in all species
(softwood and hardwood) with the rate and
pattern of increase dependent upon species
and growth pattern. Growth pattern
reflects the proportions of the ring that is
produced at different times of the year
which controls the average density of the
ring. In general, increasing growth rate will
result in more wood production in spring.
This wood tends to have a lower density,
and therefore faster growth rate generally
results in lower annual ring density.
Rainfall appears to have a dominant effect.
It is clear that the method of sampling can affect the
data obtained and its interpretation. For sampling
to be most effective, there needs to be a clear
understanding of why the samples are being taken,
and how they are going to be analysed. The choice
of methods for sampling and analysis of wood
properties should consider the need to interpret the
resultant data within the context of existing
scientific literature (Downes
et al. 1997).
2.1 DETERMINATION OF BASIC DENSITY
Basic density is expressed as the ratio of the weight
of the oven dry sample to its green volume. The
physical units used for the quantities are usually
(kg) for the dry mass, and (m
3
) for the wood
volume.
The measurement of wood density has traditionally
involved the collection of wood samples (e.g. disks
or increment cores) and subsequent laboratory
determinations of weights and volumes.
The water-immersion method and the maximum-
saturation method are two direct methods for
determining the basic density. Both methods
require a specific specimen to be measured. The
water-displacement method requires the evaluation
of weights and volumes whereas the maximum
moisture method only requires the evaluation of
specimen weights, but the green sample must be
initially fully water saturated. However, by
necessity both direct methods are partially
destructive in that a sample needs to be removed
from a tree for evaluation.
In another approach, a pilodyn wood tester
originally designed for assessing soft rot in wooden
poles can be used to obtain an indirect measure of
wood density. The instrument fires a blunt, spring-
loaded steel pin into the wood with known energy.
The depth of pin penetration is noted from a scale
on the body of the instrument. Depth of pin
penetration has been shown to be negatively
correlated with wood basic density for several
species of gymnosperms as well as angiosperms
(Cown 1981; Moura
et al. 1987; Ilic and Bennett
2000). Trials with the pilodyn have shown to be
rapid and less liable to operator bias. The accuracy
is less for individual trees. The best potential use of
the instrument would be for ranking trees into
broad density classes within sites, and then use class
means for comparing site densities.
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