” – fənnindən Təqdimat “Pronouns” İxtisas

No one likes him, and he doesn’t like anyone.
Some are born lucky, while others have to work hard for everything they get.
Few are able to excel in such a competitive field

Chapter 2. Personal and Relative pronouns.

When you think of pronouns, you most likely think of personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are pronouns that refer to specific individuals and groups. Personal pronouns include:

• 
  I/me
  
• 
  She/her
  
• 
  He/him
  
• 
  They/them
  
• 
  We/us
  
• 
  You
  

Here are a few examples of personal pronouns in italics, with the nouns they’re referring to bolded:

• 
  The new student will arrive today. They will need a seating assignment and a name tag. 
  
• 
  My family loves nachos. We make them every Friday for movie night.
  

In the second example sentence, notice that nachos (a noun) and them (a pronoun) aren’t emphasized. That’s because in this sentence, them isn’t a personal pronoun because it isn’t replacing a proper noun, but rather we is.
Antecedents.Remember how we mentioned that in order to use a pronoun, you need to introduce the noun first? That noun has a name: an antecedent. 
Antecedents are necessary because pronouns are versatile. Think about it—“it” can refer to a bike, a tree, a car, or a city, and we just used it to refer to something else entirely: pronouns’ versatility. Take a look at these examples to see how antecedents and pronouns work together:

• 
  My family tests my patience, but I love them. 
  
• 
  The sign was too far away for Jorge to read it. 
  
• 
  Danita said she is almost finished with the application.
  

Antecedents aren’t necessary when the reader/listener knows who or what you’re discussing. Generally, you don’t need an antecedent for pronouns like I, you, we, our, and me. But because there are no absolutes in grammar, sometimes you do need an antecedent in this kind of situation—like when you’re giving a speech where you introduce yourself and your credentials before discussing your achievements. There are also circumstances where you might not introduce the noun first and instead reveal it after using only pronouns to refer to your subject. You might do this for dramatic or poetic effect in a piece of creative writing. 
Relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns are another class of pronouns. They connect relative clauses to independent clauses. Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in the sentence. Relative pronouns include these words: 

• 
  that 
  
• 
  what 
  
• 
  which 
  
• 
  who 
  
• 
  whom 
  

Traditionally, who refers to people, and which and that refer to animals or things. Here are a few examples of relative pronouns at work:

• 
  The woman who called earlier didn’t leave a message. 
  
• 
  All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved. 
  
• 
  My car, which is nearly twenty years old, still runs well.
  

Who vs. whom—subject and object pronouns
Knowing when to use who and when to use whom trips a lot of writers up. The difference is actually pretty simple: Who is for the subject of a sentence, and whom is for the object of a verb or preposition. Here’s a quick example: 

• 
  Who mailed this package?
  
• 
  To whom was this package sent?
  

See the difference? Who is a subject pronoun. It’s in the same category as I, he, she, they, and we. Whom is an object pronoun, which puts it in the same category as me, him, her, them, and us. An easy way to determine whether you should use who or whom in a sentence is to answer the sentence’s question by substituting another pronoun. With the new pronoun in place, determine if the sentence still makes sense. For example: 

• 
  He mailed this package.
  
• 
  The package was sent to him. 
  

Figuring out when to use whom can be more difficult than knowing when to use who because it typically comes before the sentence’s verb—notice how the example object pronoun sentence changed more dramatically than the subject pronoun sentence.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/quantifiers

2. https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/exercises/what-are-quantifiers
3. https://linguapress.com/grammar/quantifiers.htm