1-ma’ruza. Kirish. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining tarixi

Kalit so'zlar. Ma’lumot uzatish tarmog’i (data transmission networks), kompyuter tarmoqlari (computer networks), evolyutsiya (evolution), hisoblsah tizimlari (computing systems), multiplekslash (multiplexing), telekommunikatsiyalar (telecommunications), ulanish tarmog’i (access network), mikroprotsessor (microprocessor), superkompyuter (supercomputer), terminal (terminal), paketni qayta ishlash tizimlari (batch processing system), samaradorlik kriteriyalari (efficiency criterion), o’tkazish qobiliyati (throughput), tizim resursi (system resource), yuklash (download), hisoblash tizimlari (computing systems), foydalanuvchi (user), ilova (application), paketli tizim (batch system), unumdorlik (productivity), vazifalarni masofadan kiritish tizimlari (productivity), global aloqa (global communications), telefon tarmog’i (telephone network), masofaviy terminal (telephone network), dasturiy ta’minot (software), ko’p terminalli tizim (multi-terminal system), meynfreym (mainframe), ulanish (access), pereferiya qurilmasi (peripheral device), paketlar kommutatsiyasi (packet switching), kompyuter (computer), masofaviy ulanish (remote access), taqsimlangan resurs (shared resource), super-EHM (supercomputer), tarmoq xizmatlari (network services), tarmoq (network), ARPANET, global tarmoqlar (wide area network), Internet, kommunuikatsion protokollar (communication protocols), tarmoq operatsion tizimi (network operating system), tarmoq texnologiyasi, ibm, SNA, network architecture, Х.25, WAN, marshrutlash (routing), tarkibiy tarmoq (concatenated network), kanallar kommutatsiyasi (circuit switching), aloqa liniyasi (communication line), uzatish tezligi (transmission rate), plesiochronous, digital, hierarchy, PDH, nuqta-nuqta (point-to-point), synchronize, SDH, DWDM, wave, divisibility, multiplexer.

1. Kirish. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining rivojlanish bosqichlari

• Ushbu kursda o’rganiladigan kompyuter tarmoqlari, insoniyat sivilizatsiyasi tomonidan yaratilgan yagona tarmoq emas. Hatto Qadimgi Rimning suv quvurlari ham katta hududlarni qamrab oladigan va ko'plab mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan eng qadimiy tarmoqlardan biri sifatida qaralishi mumkin. Boshqa, yana ham ekzotik misol – elektr tarmoqlari. Ularda har qanday hududiy kompyuter tarmog'ining tarkibiy qismlarining o'xshashliklarini topish oson: elektr stantsiyalari - ma'lumot manbalariga, yuqori voltli elektr uzatish liniyalari - magistrallarga, transformator podstansiyalariga - ulanish tarmoqlariga, yorug'lik va maishiy elektr jihozlari - mijoz terminallariga mos keladi.