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It seems that the early archaeologists



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ELS (English Language Studies)

It seems that the early archaeologists

  1. had been investigating the Minoan civilization for many years prior to their discovery

  2. first traced the Minoan civilization through objects found in Greece, Egypt and Anatolia

  3. were unable to prove their theory as to how the Minoan civilization disappeared

  4. did not find the other Minoan cities as interesting as Knossos

  5. had no idea that the ruins they found had once been part of the Minoan civilization

  1. The odd point about the archaeologists' theory was that

  1. all archaeologists since have disagreed with it

  2. the Minoan cities had obviously been well-protected against invasion

  3. there was no information found to show that the Mycenaeans had invaded the Minoan civilization

  4. the Minoans and the Mycenaeans had previously had good trade links

  5. despite the destruction of all the other cities, the capital was untouched

  1. It is stated in the passage that

  1. the Minoans had the strongest fleet of the time

  2. the Mycenaeans were constantly at war with the Minoans

  3. each Minoan city had its own independent ruler

  4. Minoan influence spread beyond Crete

  5. the western half of Crete was the main part of the Minoan kingdom



176 ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM
Studies have shown that not all individuals are equally exposed to pollution. For example, worldwide toxic waste sites are more prevalent in poorer communities. In the United States, the single most important factor in predicting the location of such sites is the ethnic composition of a neighborhood. Three of the five largest commercial hazardous waste landfills in America are in predominantly Black or Hispanic neighborhoods, and three out of every five Black or Hispanic Americans live in the vicinity of an uncontrolled toxic waste site. The wealth of a community is not nearly as good a predictor of hazardous waste locations as the ethnic background of the residents, suggesting that the selection of sites for hazardous waste disposal involves racism. Environmental racism takes international forms as well. American corporations often continue to produce dangerous, US-banned chemicals and ship them to developing countries. In addition, the developed world has shipped large amounts of toxic waste to developing countries for unsafe disposal. For instance, experts estimate that 50 to 80 percent of electronic waste produced in the United States, including computer parts, is shipped to waste sites in developing countries such as China and India. At a waste site in Giuyu, China, laborers with no protective clothing regularly burn plastics and circuit boards from old computers. They pour acid on electronic parts to extract silver and gold, and they smash cathode-ray tubes from computer monitors to remove lead. These activities so pollute the groundwater beneath the site that drinking water must be brought to the area by trucks from a town 29 km away.


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