1 The State of the Patriotic Problem Studied by Foreign and Uzbek Scientists Qobulov Nodirbek Orifjonovich

International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER) 
ISSN: 2643-9085 
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2023, Pages: 1-3 
www.ijeais.org/ijaer 
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demonstrates complex relationships with related constructs like cosmopolitanism, internationalism, and multiculturalism (Parker, 
2010).
Patriotism is generally negatively associated with outgroup negativity, prejudice and xenophobia, whereas nationalism exhibits 
strong positive correlations with these tendencies. However, some forms of “blind” or uncritical patriotism demonstrate weaker links 
to tolerance (Schatz, Staub & Lavine, 1999). 
In terms of outcomes, patriotism is related to various forms of civic engagement, including volunteerism, political activism, 
charitable donations and community involvement. Constructive patriotism appears especially predictive of civic participation and 
prosocial behaviors toward fellow citizens. However, some findings indicate even blind patriotism can elicit greater generosity and 
altruism, at least toward ingroup members (Schatz, Staub & Lavine, 1999). 
In the Uzbek context, research on variables linked to patriotism is limited. One study by Umarov (2015) found schoolchildren’s 
patriotism positively predicted their attitudes toward state symbols and participation in cultural activities. Further empirical work 
examining psychological and behavioral correlates of patriotism in Uzbekistan is needed. 
Motivations for Patriotism. Scholars have proposed various psychological motivations underlying patriotic attachment. From 
a psychoanalytic perspective, patriotism allows expression of unconscious needs for order and security provided by authority figures. 
It channels desires for glory and recognition into socially acceptable forms (Schatz & Lavine, 2007). 
Human needs for belonging and esteem have also been implicated as drivers of patriotism. Identity theory contends patriotic 
groups satisfy affiliation needs and boost self-worth by providing a superior in-group to compare favorably against outgroups. terror 
management theory argues that patriotism helps quell existential anxiety by offering symbolic immortality through identification 
with an enduring nation (Schatz, Staub & Lavine, 1999). 
Some Marxist-inspired accounts interpret patriotism as a tool of ideological control wielded by dominant classes. However, 
others argue patriotism plays a vital role in revolutionary struggles against oppression. Uzbek sociologists have critiqued blind 
patriotism as a mechanism for leaders to maintain power, while advocating constructive patriotism focused on improving citizens’ 
welfare (Kodirov, 2010) 
In general, the genesis of patriotic loyalty likely involves multiple psychological motives operating in particular sociocultural 
contexts. More research is needed on specific drivers of patriotism within the Uzbek populace. 
Patriotism vs. Nationalism. A core debate in the literature concerns the relationship between patriotism and nationalism. Some 
contend these constructs are mutually exclusive, with patriotism reflecting positive ingroup regard and nationalism embodying 
outgroup hostility. Others assert patriotism inherently involves beliefs in national superiority that constitute nationalism (Schatz, 
Staub & Lavine, 1999). 
Patriotism has been categorized into various subtypes, only some of which overlap with nationalism. Blind patriotism entails 
staunch allegiance without questioning one’s country, whereas constructive patriotism involves critical loyalty aimed at improving 
the nation (Schatz, Staub & Lavine, 1999). Several Uzbek scholars argue constructive patriotism should be promoted over 
nationalism (Kodirov, 2010). 
However, ceremonial aspects of even constructive patriotism may support uncritical conformity. And denying any hard 
distinction between patriotism and nationalism overlooks empirical evidence that these manifest differently. While debate continues, 
integrating insights from diverse perspectives can further understanding of this complex relationship. More research explicitly 
comparing manifestations of patriotism and nationalism in Uzbekistan would help clarify boundaries between these interrelated 
concepts. 
Influencing Factors. Myriad contextual variables shape patriotic attitudes and behaviors within a society. Patriotism 
consistently shows a positive association with age. Older cohorts often show greater affinity for their country due to heightened 
belonging needs, lifetime exposure to nation-building institutions and traditions, and tendency for conservative values (Schatz, Staub 
& Lavine, 1999). 
Most studies in Western cultures report higher patriotism among men than women, purportedly reflecting tighter links between 
masculinity and national symbols. However, research on gender differences in the Uzbek setting is lacking. One study did find 
schoolgirls scored higher than boys on assessments of patriotism, contradicting assumptions (Umarov, 2015). 
Period effects related to watershed national events can foster patriotism. For example, Akramov (2007) observed a surge in 
national pride following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991. Revolts, wars, economic crises and leadership transitions often impact 
national sentiments. An upwelling of patriotism frequently follows attacks or threats from rival states (Li & Brewer, 2004). 
Internal factors like values and personality traits also shape patriotic leanings. Those prioritizing collectivism, security, and 
tradition tend to demonstrate higher patriotism. Big Five traits of conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness are associated 
with heightened patriotism as well (Parker, 2010). 
Further research on contextual and individual differences related to patriotism in Uzbekistan would help delineate its boundaries 
and facilitators. Qualitative studies could provide richer insights into Uzbeks’ lived experiences of patriotism. 
Future Directions. While studies of patriotism have proliferated internationally, research within the Uzbek cultural context 
remains limited. Developing localized measures is a key priority for advancing empirical work on manifestations of patriotism in 
Uzbekistan. Mixed-methods approaches combining qualitative insights and standardized inventories may prove most fruitful for 
capturing nuances.

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