15 March 2009 Annotated Bibliography

Videan

Shawn Videan

Sue Webb

WRA110

15 March 2009

Annotated Bibliography

Berlin, Jr., Cheston M. "Tic Disorders Including Tourette Syndrome." National tourette syndrome association. Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. 15 Mar. 2009 .

In this article, Cheston talks about what Tourette Syndrome is and what the typical symptoms of the disorder are. He describes that Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder that consists of a series of tics. These tics can relate to motor or vocal functions of the body. Motor tics include twitching of the face, trunk, or limbs and vocal tics include noises such as barking, hooting, grunting, or clearing the throat (p. 3). These tics are involuntary and do not improve when the subject tries to prevent themselves from doing them. Tics increase in severity during a person’s childhood throughout their teenage years, with more tics developing (p. 4). However, tics do not occur as often or do not occur at all during sleep.

Brill, Marlene T. Tourette Syndrome (Twenty-First Century Medical Library). Brookfield: 21st Century, 2002. 2002. 15 Mar. 2009 .

In this book, Marlene describes what Tourette Syndrome is, the causes of the disorder, and treatments that can be used to reduce tics, and famous people who had the disorder. She describes TS as a physical disorder where tics occur. There are two types of tics, twitchy and vocal, each having different effects. Tics can occur many times every minute or a few times in days or weeks. Tics are categorized as either simple or complex. Simple tics affect only one part of the body, such as grunting or twitching of a limb, whereas complex tics affect several muscle groups, like jumping or yelling obscene things. More serious tics include echopraxia, imitating others’ actions, and coprolalia, or suddenly saying inappropriate words or phrases (p. 20). There are certain things that can increase the occurrence of tics, including excitement, stress, fear, anger, and depression (p. 24).

Marlene then goes on to describe some famous people who had TS in their lives. This list includes Calvin Peete, a professional golfer, Jim Eiesenreich, a Major League Baseball player, and Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, a guard for the Denver Nuggets (p. 15). This goes to show that Tourette Syndrome can occur in anyone and if somebody has the disorder, they can overcome it.

Hawley, Jason S. "Tourette Syndrome." EMedicine. 15 Mar. 2009 .

In this article, Hawley describes that TS is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal neural activity. He states that Tourette’s is often accompanied with behavioral disorders such as ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and OCD, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Hawley describes how the cause of TS is believed to deal with several cortices of the brain, including the primary motor cortex, Broca area, and inferior parietal cortex. In addition, the disorder is believed to deal with an autosomal dominance inheritance pattern and is likely a polygenic condition, explaining the tics. Hawley states the United States occurrence of TS is 0.7-4.2% of the total population.

Packer, Leslie E. "Tourette Syndrome "Plus"" Tourette Syndrome "Plus" 15 Mar. 2009 .

Leslie Packer describes the diagnosis of tics, common tics that occur, and how tics change over a lifetime. Tourette Syndrome is diagnosed clinically, with the doctor observing the patient and checking their family history. While observing the patient, the professional looks for motor or vocal tics, occurrence of those tics, and the age of the patient. Tics normally develop in kids under the age of 18. The most common types of motor tics include eye blinking, nose twitching, pulling at clothes, and touching objects. The most common types of vocal tics include grunting, throat clearing, humming, and stuttering. Tics develop in the early years of the individual, typically from the age of 10-12, and then decrease as age increases. Typically, subjects are virtually tic-free by the time they are in adulthood.

Robertson, Mary M., and Simon Baron-Cohen. Tourette syndrome. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. 15 Mar. 2009 .

This book describes an overview of Tourette Syndrome, what it is, questions and answers, and how it is diagnosed. Tourette Syndrome has many forms, it can range from mild twitches to uncontrollable movements, all the way to involuntarily swearing. The disorder is also sometimes accompanied by obsessions, decreased attention spans, and hyperactivity (p. 3). Mary shares 3 stories of people with Tourette’s, one of which being about a young boy named Johnny. Johnny showed signs of TS that can occur in young boys, mostly being very overactive and loud. When Johnny would talk, he would talk in a very loud tone and would interrupt others. Also, he would never walk anywhere, he would always run, showing the possibility of hyperactivity in TS. In addition, as Johnny grew older, he began to smell and lick objects and play with and blow at his hair. These are all signs that point toward Tourette Syndrome.

"Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet." National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 15 July 2008. National Institutes of Health. 15 Mar. 2009 .

Tourette Syndrome is classified as a neurological disorder that consists of involuntary movements or noises called tics. The name, Tourette Syndrome, was derived from a French neurologist named Georges Gilles de la Tourette who discovered the condition in an elderly lady in 1885. The tics of TS develop in the early years of a person’s life and continue throughout their teen years. Tics will normally begin to disappear as the person grows older, eventually resulting in a tick-free lifestyle. Tics are classified as either motor or vocal, and each can be either simple or complex. Simple tics deal with only one muscle group or body part, while complex deal with several muscle groups. The severity of tics can increase during times of anxiety and excitement and decrease during calm, focused activities. When people try to suppress their tics, tension seems to eventually build up and force the person to perform the tic.

"Tourette's Syndrome." We Move. 7 Dec. 2008. 15 Mar. 2009 .

This article gives an overview of Tourette Syndrome, including symptoms, diagnosis, and typical age of onset. Symptoms of TS include motor and vocal tics. The most common motor tics include facial twitches, neck movements, and eye-blinking, while the more complex motor tics consist of jumping, touching others, and smelling objects. Common vocal tics include grunting, throat clearing, and tongue clicking, while more complex vocal tics include repeating phrases and on rare occasions, saying vulgar words or phrases. These symptoms usually occur between the ages of 2-15, normally around age 7. TS symptoms are normally always apparent before the age of 18. To diagnose Tourette Syndrome, professionals use clinical evaluation to check the symptoms and family history checks to see if the disorder was prevalent in past generations.

Walkup, John T., John W. Mink, and Peter J. Hollenbeck. Tourette Syndrome (Advances in Neurology). Vol. 99. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. 15 Mar. 2009 .

This book focuses on the nature of tics associated with Tourette Syndrome. The tics are triggered by an abnormality in the basal ganglia, a region of the brain. Typically, the basal ganglia allows the body to perform voluntary actions based on motor patterns in the brain. However, in TS, the motor patterns are overactive, and when a certain neuron continues to fire, the basal ganglia continually allows the body to perform that specific motion (p. 93). When different groups of neurons are continually active, the body performs different tasks, explaining the variety of motor tics caused by Tourette Syndrome.

Waltz, Mitzi. "Employment: Getting a Job and Keeping It." National tourette syndrome association. 15 Mar. 2009 .

This source describes the workplace for people who have Tourette Syndrome. Waltz describes how people with TS have certain characteristics that help them find a career, including a good sense of humor and a positive attitude. She states that while people look for a job, they should research the comfort of the workplace and see if the company has a written policy of diversity. In regards to comfort in the workplace, Waltz says that a relaxed, low stress environment is the best for people who have TS because tics seem to worsen when the person is in a tense, stressful atmosphere. In addition, if the company has a policy of diversity and a situation regarding the persons Tourette Syndrome comes to attention, the person will have policy to refer to in order to state their case. Also, Waltz states that there are programs within companies that help their employees who have disorders or other things that may affect their working ability. These programs may be very beneficial to controlling tics and help keep a calm work environment possible. Lastly, Waltz describes what people with Tourette Syndrome may do to continue doing a good job in the workplace if they are already employed. She talks about how people with TS may take “tic breaks”, similar to how many people take cigarette breaks in their work day. She also talks about being considerate toward other employees if the person with TS is doing something that other workers find offensive.

Zinner, Samuel H. Tourette syndrome -- much more than tics. 8th ed. Vol. 21. Contemporary Pediatrics, 2004. National tourette syndrome association. 15 Mar. 2009 .

In this book, Zinner talks about what Tourette Syndrome is and how it is diagnosed. Tourette Syndrome is a psychological disorder that deals with tics, performing abnormal, frequent body movements or noises. Tics are classified as either motor, dealing with the face, trunk, or limbs, or phonic, dealing with noises. These tics vary in many aspects including form, severity, and frequency. Tics develop in a child’s early years, normally around the age of 6 or 7, and appear natural to them. As the child grows into their teenage years, more tics seem to appear and they seem more frequent. Tics have waxing and waning stages; they will be very frequent for a time period, leading to another period of fewer occurrences, just to increase in occurrence again later.

Zinner also states that about 90% of people with TS also have some sort of co-morbid condition. These co-morbid conditions include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD.