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From segregated to integrated language skills: weaving
speaking and writing to improve productive output
Ms CHUNG Chui Ngor, Jenny
(Senior School Development Offi cer)
Mr HO Man Lung, Ms MAK Mei Ha
(Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School)
Despite spending a lot of efforts to design tasks and develop students’ writing skills, a number of
students were still at below-average attainment. In order to examine critically the problems, teachers
of Hong Kong South District Government Primary School (HKSDGPS) analysed the writing part in the
assessment papers of primary 5. Apart from the common identifi ed writing errors such as subject-verb
agreement, parts of speech, countable and uncountable nouns, modals, easily confused words and
running sentences, some important fi ndings were identifi ed as follows:
• Students could generally produce the required length of the writing tasks but there were
problems of grammar, spelling and sentence patterns.
• The incorrect use of language patterns was traceable to L1 interference. Literal translation from
Chinese was generally found e.g. She is like to eat chocolates. I very like to go to Ocean Park.
• Limited repertoire of vocabulary and sentence patterns hindered students’ understanding and
performance in writing tasks
• The lack of confi dence and motivation to write and elaborate ideas might be attributed to the
limited profi ciency of English
The problems identifi ed triggered the teachers to refl ect on their current practices in curriculum
planning, learning and teaching strategies. To translate refl ections into actions, support offi cer worked
with P5 teachers to fi nd out the problems. It was found that students had been too used to answering
the guiding questions given to complete the writing tasks. They seldom had opportunities to try and
construct their own sentence patterns. The pre-writing brainstorming was usually brief as students
were expected to use the guiding questions. Some of them found it diffi cult to write with only picture
cues. Besides, there was a lack of using pictorial cues and imaginations to elaborate ideas.
In view of this, attempts are made to improve students’ language output by merging speaking with
writing. Speaking and writing are both productive skills and it is commonly believed that students
with good speaking skills usually have good writing skills and vice versa. Florenz and Hadaway (1987)
state that oral language development can have an effect on writing behavior, though the oral language
profi ciency scores may not indicate what to expect from students in writing tasks. The vocabulary and
language patterns learned in speaking can be transferred to writing and so vice versa. By and large,
research suggests that the transference between spoken and written skills is in place.
Students with good writing skills could write simple descriptions and narrations coherently with
supporting details. They should also demonstrate good language skills by using a range of vocabulary,
sentence patterns and cohesive devices. This is similar to the Level 3 of Basic Competency speaking
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requirement at KS2. Students can provide and/or exchange simple information and ideas, and attempt
to provide some elaboration (L3-S-3-P6BC). They can use a small range of vocabulary, sentence
patterns and cohesive devices to convey simple information and ideas fairly appropriately (L3-S-4-
P6BC). This includes associated skills including knowledge of vocabulary and grammar which are
interwoven in the speaking and writing tasks.