Town A
Town B
Now
160,000
80,000
Year 1
160,000(1.2) = 192,000
80,000 + 40,000 = 120,000
Year 2
192,000(1.2) = 230,400
120,000 + 60,000 = 180,000
Year 3
230,400(1.2) = 276,480
180,000 + 90,000 = 270,000
Note that, after three years, town A still has more people than town B. It will
take longer than 3 years, then, for town B to surpass town A, so Quantity A is
greater.
46.
(C).
The problem provides the function
f
(
x
) =
x
2
and asks for the quantity
f
(
m
+
n
) +
f
(
m
–
n
). Plug into this function twice—first, to insert
m
+
n
in
place of
x
, and then to insert
m
–
n
in place of
x
:
f
(
m
+
n
) = (
m
+
n
)
2
=
m
2
+ 2
mn
+
n
2
f
(
m
–
n
) = (
m
–
n
)
2
=
m
2
– 2
mn
+
n
2
Now add the two:
(
m
2
+ 2
mn
+
n
2
) + (
m
2
– 2
mn
+
n
2
) = 2
m
2
+ 2
n
2
47.
0.
Adding 20 individual terms would take quite a long time. Look for a
pattern. The first several terms in
S
n
= (–1)
n
, where
n
≥ 1:
S
1
= (–1)
1
= –1
S
2
= (–1)
2
= 1
S
3
= (–1)
3
= –1
S
4
= (–1)
4
= 1
The terms alternate –1, 1, –1, 1, and so on. If the terms are added, every pair
of –1 and 1 will add to zero; in other words, for an even number of terms, the
sum will be zero. Since 20 is an even number, so the first 20 terms sum to
zero.
48.
96.
The problem provides the function
f
(
x, y
) =
x
2
y
and also the fact that
when
a
and
b
are plugged in for
x
and
y,
the answer is 6. In other words:
f
(
x, y
) =
x
2
y
f
(
a, b
) =
a
2
b
= 6
The problem asks for the value of
f
(2
a
,4
b
). First, plug 2
a
in for
x
and 4
b
in for
y:
f
(2
a
, 4
b
) = (2
a
)
2
(4
b
)
f
(2
a
, 4
b
) = 4
a
2
(4
b
)
f
(2
a
, 4
b
) = 16
a
2
b
The problem already provides the value for the variables:
a
2
b
= 6. Therefore,
16
a
2
b
= 16(6) = 96.
49.
(A).
The problem indicates that
f
(
x
) =
m
where
m
is the number of distinct
(or different) prime factors of
x
. For example, if
x
= 6, 6 has two distinct
prime factors: 2 and 3. Therefore, the corresponding answer (
m
value) would
be 2.
For Quantity A,
f
(30): 30 has 3 distinct prime factors (2, 3, and 5), so
f
(30) =
3.
For Quantity B,
f
(64): 64 is made of the prime factors 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, and 2).
This is only one distinct prime factor, so
f
(64) = 1.
Quantity A is greater.
50.
317.
Each term in the sequence is 9 greater than the previous term. To
make this clear, write a few terms of the sequence: 11, 20, 29, 38, etc.
a
35
comes 34 terms after
a
1
in the sequence. In other words,
a
35
is 34 × 9 =
306 greater than
a
1
.
Thus,
a
35
= 11 + 306 = 317.
51.
9.
After the first term in the sequence, every term has a units digit of 8:
Q
1
= 3
Q
2
= 2(3) + 2 = 8
Q
3
= 2(8) + 2 = 18
Q
4
= 2(18) + 2 = 38
Q
5
= 2(38) + 2 = 78
…
So 8 is the units digit nine out of the first ten times.
52.
(B).
The question asks which of the functions in the answer choices is
such that performing the function on
a
+
b
yields the same answer as
performing the function to
a
and
b
individually and then adding those answers
together.
The correct answer should be such that
f
(
a
+
b
) =
f
(
a
) +
f
(
b
) is true for any
values of
a
and
b.
Test some numbers, for example
a
= 2 and
b
= 3:
Alternatively, use logic—for what kinds of operations are performing the
operation on two numbers and then summing results the same as summing the
original numbers and then performing the operation? Multiplication or
division would work, but squaring, square-rooting, adding, or subtracting
would not. The correct function can contain
only
multiplication and/or
division.
53.
(B).
Solve this problem by applying the compound interest formula:
Since the principal
P
is the same in both cases, leave it out and just compare
the rest:
Quantity A:
= (1.08)
2
= 1.08 × 1.08 =
1.1664
Quantity B:
= (1.04)
4
=
1.04×1.04×1.04×1.04 ≈ 1.1699
Quantity B is greater.
Alternatively, use logic. Notice that the
simple
interest in each case would be
the same: 2 years of 8%
simple
interest (of an unchanging principal) is equal
to 4 years of 4%
simple
interest of the same principal. Now go back to the
compounded world. If the simple interest scenarios are the same, then it will
always be true that the compounded scenario with
more frequent
compounding will result in greater principal in the end, because “interest on
the interest” is earned more often:
The differences are small but real.
54.
(B).
Start with $1, and multiply by
= 1.26 for each year that
passes. In order for the amount to double, it would have to reach $2:
End of Year 1: $1 × 1.26 = $1.26
End of Year 2: $1.26 × 1.26 = $1.5876
End of Year 3: $1.5876 × 1.26 = $2.000376 ≈ $2.00
It takes 3 years for the investment to double in value. In terms of
simple
interest, it would take about 4 years (since 26% is just a tiny bit more than
25% = 1/4). The compounded case earns “interest on the interest,” though, so
the investment grows more quickly.
55.
(E).
“Simple” interest means that the interest is calculated based on the
initial amount every time; the interest earned is not included in future
calculations. Each year, the investment pays 12.5%, or
, of the original
investment as simple interest. As a result, it will take exactly 8 years for the
cumulative interest to add up to the original investment.
Be careful not to apply the compound interest formula here. If the 12.5%
interest is in fact compounded annually, it will take only about 6 years for the
investment to double in value.
56.
(C).
This question concerns some function for which the full formula is
not provided. The problem indicates that
f
(2
a
) = 2
f
(
a
). In other words, this
function is such that plugging in 2
a
is the same as plugging in
a
and then
multiplying by 2. Plug
f
(6) = 11 into the equation
f
(2
a
) = 2
f
(
a
):
f
(2(6)) = 2(11)
f
(12) = 22
Use the same process a second time. If
a
= 12 and
f
(12) = 22:
f
(2(12)) = 2(22)
f
(24) = 44
Alternatively, use logic. Plugging in 2
a
, yields the same answer as plugging in
a
and then multiplying by 2. Plugging in 24 is the same as plugging in 6 a
total of 4 times, and yields an answer 4 times as big as plugging in 6. Since
plugging in 6 yields 11, plugging in 24 yields 44.
57.
(B).
The question is asking, “For which function is performing the
function on
x
and THEN multiplying by
the equivalent of performing the
function on
of
x
?”
The fastest method is to use logic: since the order of operations says that
order does not matter with multiplication and division but
does
matter
between multiplication and addition/subtraction, or multiplication and
exponents, choose a function that has only multiplication and/or division.
Only answer choice (B) qualifies.
Alternatively, try each choice:
To confirm that the terms in choice (E) are equal, try plugging in a real
number for
x
. If
x
= 8, then the left-hand value becomes 1 and the right-hand
value becomes the square root of 0. The two values are
not
the same.
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