1st only.
The author is saying that, if the brain has a director, then that
director would need its own director—and, presumably,
that
director would
need a director, etc. The expression “begging the question” isn’t really about a
question; the second and third statements are traps.
128.
2nd only.
A “unitary entity” would not be split into parts or modules.
While Aristotle and Descartes believed that the mind survived death, and
lived long enough ago that they couldn’t have been aware “that certain
aspects of personality are known to be controlled by certain areas of the
brain,” the question is not only about Aristotle and Descartes—it is about all
advocates of a unitary view of the mind. The passage does not offer enough
information about these thinkers to indicate whether they think the mind
survives death, or whether some of them (more modern thinkers, presumably)
are aware of current research into the brain. You can eliminate the first and
third statements.
129.
(A).
The first paragraph of the passage states that oxytocin treatments are
often tried in isolated cases and the overall effects are without evaluation. The
passage then describes a small study that seems promising, but makes no
definitive claims. Therefore, it is likely that the author would agree that the
effects of oxytocin require further evaluation, supporting choice (A). Answer
choice (B) is incorrect as the passage states the opposite, namely that oxytocin
is
not a “cure-all.” Although the author focuses on the effects of oxytocin for
those who are not able to interpret social cues, answer choice (C) is incorrect
as the author does not state that the drug would not be useful for those who
can already do so. The author specifically addresses choice (D) in the
passage, stating that the hormone oxytocin increases feelings of calm and
social bonding. Finally, answer choice (E) is incorrect, as the author never
addresses oxytocin as an oral treatment.
130.
(D).
The second paragraph states that “the experiment showed that the
oxytocin had the greatest affect on those who were least able to evaluate
emotions properly when given the control.” Thus, it can be inferred that those
with the least ability to naturally infer emotions, in other words, the ones who
might need it most, reaped the greatest benefits of the hormone. This matches
choice (D). Additionally, (A) is incorrect as the passage does not discuss
inconclusiveness based on sample size. Choice (B) is incorrect as it
incorrectly pairs the known effects of the hormone in the brain with the
results of the student study. Choice (C) is incorrect as the passage does not
address the ability of the students to recognize expressions, just the relative
change between the controlled salt water dose and the oxytocin. Finally,
choice (E) is incorrect for a similar reason: the passage does not state that the
subtler the expression the more difficult it was for students to identify, just
that some expressions that were used were subtler than others.
131.
(A).
The experiment was related to students’ ability to recognize
emotions from facial expressions, not their ability to tell faces apart.
Therefore, (A) is the correct answer. Choice (B) is mentioned in the first
sentence of the last paragraph of the passage. Choice (C) is addressed
throughout the second paragraph, first when it is stated that “a control dose of
salt water” was given, and then when awareness after exposure to oxytocin is
compared to awareness after the controlled salt water dose. Choice (D) is
explicitly stated in the second sentence of the second paragraph. Finally,
choice (E) is explicitly addressed in the last sentence of the second paragraph.
132.
(A).
In the first paragraph of the passage, the author describes the
discovery of the cosmic microwave background. The second paragraph
explains why the cosmic microwave exists and its implications to science.
Therefore, the author wrote this passage to describe the discovery and reason
for the cosmic microwave background, which matches choice (A). Choice (B)
is incorrect as the author cites one example of an accidental discovery, but
does not explain how multiple discoveries can be made accidentally. Choices
(C) and (D) are incorrect as the author does not argue or defend, respectively.
Finally, the main theory presented in the passage is the cosmic microwave
background, whereas (E) incorrectly makes it seem that the author’s intent is
to defend the Big Bang and that the cosmic microwave background is only a
subordinate idea.
133.
(C).
The second sentence in the first paragraph states that “[j]ust an
instant after the Big Bang, all matter in the universe was so energetic, or hot,
that it existed as free particles known as ‘quarks.’” The paragraph proceeds in
sequential order, and thus this event happened soonest after the Big Bang,
making (C) the correct choice. The events described in choices (A) and (B)
are said to have happened approximately 400,000 years after the Big Bang.
Answer choice (D) describes the present state of the cosmic microwave
background, 13.6 billion years later. Answer choice (E) is never addressed in
the passage.
134.
(D).
The passage states that Penzias and Wilson accidentally discovered
the cosmic microwave background and did not even understand what they had
found until after consulting the Princeton group. It can be inferred that they
did not initially understand the implications of their result, matching choice
(D). Choice (A) is incorrect as the passage does not describe the importance
of the signal for which Penzias and Wilson were originally searching. Choice
(B) is incorrect as the passage never discusses the Princeton instrumentation
used for searching for the cosmic microwave background. The capabilities of
the telescope used by Penzias and Wilson are never discussed, thus choice (C)
is not supported. Finally, the opposite of choice (E) is stated in the passage,
which says that Penzias and Wilson convinced themselves that their signal
was real before approaching the Princeton team.
135.
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