| Journal of Clinical
and Analytical Medicine
1
Kramp-Fasikülasyon Sendromu / Cramp-Fasciculation Syndome
A Case with Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome
Kramp-Fasikülasyon Sendromlu Bir Olgu
DOI: 10.4328/JCAM.1392
Received: 12.11.2012 Accepted: 10.01.2013 Publihed Online: 14.01.2013
Corresponding Author: Pınar Yalınay Dikmen, Acıbadem Bakırköy Hastanesi. Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil Caddesi. No: 1, İstanbul, 34390, Turkey
T.: +90 2124144113 F.: +90 2124145170 E-Mail : pinarya@hotmail.com
Özet
Kramp-fasikülasyon sendromu periferik sinir hiperesksitabilite sendromlarından
biridir ve kas ağrısı, kramplar ve egzersiz intoleransı ile seyreder. Fasikülasyon ve
kramplar hem sağlıklı kişilerde hem de Amyotrofik Lateral Skleroz gibi fatal se-
yirli hastalıkalarda görülebilir. Biz 27 yaşında, iki yanlı gastrokinemius-soleus kas-
larında 3 yıl önce kramp ve fasikülasyonları başlayan, profesyonel futbol oyuncu-
su bir erkek hasta sunduk. Tüm laboratuvar ve elektrofizyolojik incelemeler son-
rasında hastaya kramp-fasikülasyon sendromu tanısı konuldu. Bu yazının amacı
kramp-fasikülasyon sendromunlu nadir bir olguyu sunmak ve bu sendromun be-
nign ya da ciddi bir patolojik sürecin ön bulgusu olup olmadığının tartışılmasıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kramp Fasikülasyon Sendromu; Periferik Sinir Hipereksitebilite; Fasikülasyon;
Kramp; Isaac’s Sendromu
Abstract
Cramp-fasciculation syndrome is one of the peripheral nerve hyperexcitability
disorders and presents muscle aching, cramps, stiffness and exercise intolerance.
Fasciculation and cramps can be seen both in healthy individuals and in those with
fatal diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. We present a 27-year-old
male patient, professional soccer player with fasciculations and cramps in bilat-
eral gastrocnemius-soleus complex. The patient complained about having to stop
playing soccer because of muscle cramps and twitches in both calves, which had
started 3 years earlier. After completing all laboratory and electrophysiological
examinations, the patient was diagnosed as cramp-fasciculation syndrome. The
aim of this paper was to present a rare case of cramp-fasiculation syndrome and
discuss if the syndrome is benign or pioneer of a severe pathological process.
Keywords
Cramp Fasciculation Syndrome; Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability; Fasciculation;
Cramp; Isaac’s Syndrome
Pınar Yalınay Dikmen
1
, Elif Onur Aysevener
2
1
Acıbadem Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Nöroloji AD, İstanbul,
2
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Psikiyatri AD, İzmir, Turkey
| Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine
Kramp-Fasikülasyon Sendromu / Cramp-Fasciculation Syndome
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Introduction
In 1948 Denny-Brown et al. [1] defined the fasciculation-cramp
syndrome as being characterized by cramps, fasciculation, and
muscle aches which frequently become more intense with ex-
ercise, and which might be accompanied by muscle weakness
and muscular atrophy. In 1978 Hudjon et al. [2] described this
syndrome as muscular pain-fasciculation syndrome, whereas
Blexrud et al. [3] described it as benign fasciculation syndrome.
At the present time, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) re-
fers to a group of disorders characterized clinically by muscle
twitching (myokymia and fasciculations), muscle cramps, muscle
stiffness and pseudomyotonia (delayed muscle relaxation after
muscle contraction), of which the primary PNH are Isaac’s syn-
drome, cramp-fasciculation syndrome and Morvan syndrome.
Cramp fasciculation syndrome indentifies a disorder character-
ized by a less prominent PNH than is shown in Isaac’s syndrome
[4]. These disorders may come from the effects of auto-antibod-
ies against voltage gated potassium channels (VGKC).
We presented a case diagnosed as cramp-fasciculation syn-
drome and discussed if the syndrome is benign or pioneer of a
severe pathological process.
Case Report
The patient was a 27-years-old male professional soccer player.
For 3 months he had not played soccer because of a sport injury,
when he had played at the big derby. He complained about hav-
ing to stop playing in his team because of muscle cramps and
twitches in both calves, which had begun 3 years ago. The pa-
tient reported that the cramps occurred only in response to ex-
treme effort during matches; the symptoms did not occur while
training. Cramps interrupted his performance in matches and
he had to cut out every game. Twitching occurred constantly
when he was awake. He was concerned that people would see
him twitching and had stopped wearing shorts. His cramps and
twitches affected his calves alone.
The patient also reported that he always had to wait nearly 5
minutes to urinate after going to the bathroom and that when
he was in stressful situations the muscles of his face twitches.
He reported that he could never sleep the night before a soccer
match. The patient’s history revealed that 2 years earlier anxi-
ety had led him to begin taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors
after consulting a psychiatrist. Because of abulia, he discontin-
ued the medication.
His neurological examination was normal except for fascicula-
tion in the gastrocnemius-soleus complex and vivid deep tendon
reflexes (Video 1). The patient’s hemogram, sedimentation, C re-
active protein, fasting glucose level, hemoglobin A1c, urea, cre-
atinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate-glutamiltransfer-
ase, creatinine kinase, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ionized
calcium, chloride, vitamin D 25-hydroxy, ferritin, vitamin B12,
homocysteine, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin,
cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, TSH, free triiodothyronine
(T3), total T3, free thyroxine (T4), total T4, thyroid peroxidase
anti-core (anti-TPO), hepatitis B antibody, hepatitis B antibody,
hepatitis C antibody, HIV antibody values and paraneoplastic
panel were all normal. A chest X- ray revealed no abnormality.
The tumour markers were all negative, but serum and cerebro-
spinal fluid testing for voltage-gated potassium channel anti-
bodies, and whole-body Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
scan could not be pursued. No pathology was observed during
the patient’s lumbo-sacral magnetic resonance imaging.
Electromyographic examination showed that the patient’s nerve
conduction studies were normal except for the presence of
after-discharges of tibial nerve in the motor conduction stud-
ies. Denervation potentials were not observed in any of the
4 extremities. Fasciculation potentials were observed in both
gastrocnemius muscles with needle electromyography (EMG)
and surface electrodes. In the examination of gastrocnemius
muscles at rest, the morphologically normal different motor
unit potentials (MUPs) were firing constantly at low frequency.
No pathological findings were observed during voluntary con-
tractions. The needle EMG of muscles which are innervated by
cranio-bulbar, cervical, thoracal and lumbar regions were found
normal.
Discussion
Fasciculations are a normal experience for healthy people. The
prevalence of benign fasciculation is high 1% in the general
population. Epidemiological studies indicate that fasciculation
potentials are frequently seen in men [1]. Cramp-fasciculation
syndrome is a rare condition and is thought to be related to
peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Cramps and fasciculation
symptoms should first be distinguished from the symptoms of
such fatal diseases as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many
patients have cramps and fasciculations during the first stages
of ALS. Cramp-fasciculation syndrome is diagnosed by elimi-
nating all other possible diagnoses.
Fasciculation other than motor neuron disease can be observed
in various illnesses and situations. For example it can be seen
in cases of excessive use of alcohol, caffeine, cola, tea, and to-
bacco, and in cases of stress, acute viral infection, rarely po-
liomyelitis or late-stage myelitis, hyperthyroidism, compression
of the nerve body or root, cervical spondylosis, syringomyelia,
thyrotoxicosis, tetanus, high-dose anti-cholinesterase use, fas-
ciculation-cramp syndrome, focal and generalized neuropathies,
and acute dermatomiositis. Mitsikostas et al. [5] found that in
normal people fasciculations were noticeably correlated to the
body weight and height and to the anxiety level. A history of
regular tiring exercise is also common feature in many cases.
Blexrud et al. [3] undertook follow-up examinations of 121 pa-
tients with benign fasciculation after 2 and after 32 years later.
The results showed that none of the patients had ALS in the
following years. On the other hand, De Carvalho M et al. [6] re-
ported that 3 patients with benign fasciculation eventually went
on to develop ALS. Singh et al. [7] also reported 4 cases who
were initially diagnosed as a cramp-fasciculation syndrome, but
who finally progressed to ALS. Therefore they suggest that a
diagnosis of cramp-fasciculation syndrome should not be con-
sidered secure without minimum follow-up 4-5 years.
The existence of denervation potentials is the first thing to ex-
amine when differentiating benign fasciculation electrophysi-
ologically. It must be emphasized that benign fasciculation syn-
drome is a condition which generally affects young adults. When
fasciculation occurs in the elderly, ALS should be considered.
While benign fasciculation is observed in certain muscles focal-
ly, generalized fasciculation occurs in ALS; however, ALS occurs
| Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine
Kramp-Fasikülasyon Sendromu / Cramp-Fasciculation Syndome
3
focally during its early stages and then generalized fascicula-
tion occurs. The electrodiagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of
ALS was reviewed and reported that malign fasciculation has
a complex morphology and unstable characteristics, whereas
benign fasciculation has a basic morphology and stable char-
acteristics [8].
Isaac’s syndrome is an antibody-mediated potassium channel
disorder characterized by painful muscle cramps, muscle rigidity,
slow relaxation following muscle contraction (pseudomyotonia),
hyperhidrosis, and autoantibodies against VGKC, a dendrotoxin-
sensitive fast potassium channel. Autoantibody-mediated VGKC
dysfunction leads to hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerves.
In our case, there were no other clinical features of Isaac’s syn-
drome, except for cramps and fasciculations.
The findings suggest that the presented case had fasciculation-
cramp syndrome and because he has no other characteristics
than the fasciculations and cramps in the gastrocnemius-soleus
complex in his neurological examinations. The patient’s electro-
physiological examinations also showed that there were no de-
nervation potentials or pathological MUP findings. The presence
of after-discharges was supposed to be associated with cramp-
fasiculation syndrome. In conclusion, this case emphasizes the
importance of clinical and electrophysiological evaluations for
the concepts of cramp and fasciculation.
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