A quick Glimpse…

A Quick Glimpse…

• Active vs. Passive Immunization
• Designing Vaccines
• Whole-Organism Vaccines
• Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines
• Recombinant-Vector Vaccines
• DNA Vaccines
• Synthetic-Peptide Vaccines
• Mulvivalent Subunit Vaccines

Two Types of Immunization

• Passive Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies, antitoxins, and immune globulins
• Protection transferred from another person or animal
• Active Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines (many types), and toxoids
• Relatively permanent

Acquisition of Passive and Active Immunity

Passive Immunization

• Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta to fetus
• Injection with preformed antibodies
• Human or animal antibodies can be used
• Injection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccines
• Effects are only temporary

Conditions Warranting Passive Immunization

• Deficiency in synthesis of Ab as a result of congenital or acquired B-cell defects
• Susceptible person is exposed to a disease that will cause immediate complications (time is the biggest issue)
• Disease is already present

Common Agents For Passive Immunization

The Immune System and Passive Immunization

• The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune system
• There is NO presence of memory cells
• Risks are included
• Recognition of the immunoglobulin epitope by self immunoglobluin paratopes
• Some individuals produce IgE molecules specific for passive antibody, leading to mast cell degranulation
• Some individuals produce IgG or IgM molecules specific for passive antibody, leading to hypersensitive reactions

Active Immunization

• Natural Infection with microorganism or artificial acquisition (vaccine)
• Both stimulate the proliferation of T and B cells, resulting in the formation of effector and memory cells
• The formation of memory cells is the basis for the relatively permanent effects of vaccinations