Abraham, K. F. and C. D. Ankney. 1986. Summer Birds of East Bay Southampton Island Northwest Territories Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100

8:1019-1025.

Pilskog, H. E., T. Solhoy, D. J. Gwiazdowicz, J. A. Grytnes, and S. J. Coulson. 2014. Invertebrate communities inhabiting nests of migrating passerine, wild fowl and sea birds breeding in the High Arctic, Svalbard. Polar Biology 37:981-998.

Platteeuw, M. and J. H. Beekman. 1994. Disturbance of waterbirds by ships on lakes Ketelmeer and IJsselmeer. Limosa 67:27-33.

Player, P. V. 1971. Food and Feeding Habits of the Common Eider at Seafield Edinburgh in Winter. Wildfowl 22:100-106.

Plyusnin Yu, M. 1982. Reproductive Strategy of Eider Ducks Somateria-Mollissima in Mixed Communities of Colonial Birds. Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk:87-91.

Poeysae, H. 2004. Relatedness and the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism: parameterizing a model with data for a precocial species. Animal Behaviour 67:673-679.

Poeysae, H. 2006. Public information and conspecific nest parasitism in goldeneyes: targeting safe nests by parasites. Behavioral Ecology 17:459-465.

Ponsero, A. and P. Le Mao. 2011. Estimation of benthic macrofauna consumption by water birds in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (France). Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie 66:383-397.

Portugal, S. J., J. A. Green, L. G. Halsey, W. Arnold, V. Careau, P. Dann, P. B. Frappell, D. Gremillet, Y. Handrich, G. R. Martin, T. Ruf, M. M. Guillemette, and P. J. Butler. 2016. Associations between Resting, Activity, and Daily Metabolic Rate in Free-Living Endotherms: No Universal Rule in Birds and Mammals. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 89:251-261.

Portugal, S. J. and M. Guillemette. 2011. The use of body mass loss to estimate metabolic rate in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology 158:329-336.

Portugal, S. J., R. Isaac, K. L. Quinton, and S. J. Reynolds. 2010. Do captive waterfowl alter their behaviour patterns during their flightless period of moult? Journal of Ornithology 151:443-448.

Powell, A. N. a. R. S. S. 2012. King Eider (Somateria spectabilis). The Birds of North America.

Poysa, H. 1992. Variation in parental care of common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) females. Behaviour 123:247-260.

Poysa, H. 1995. Factors affecting abandonment and adoption of young in common eiders and other waterfowl: A comment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1575-1577.

Poysa, H. 1996. Population estimates and the timing of waterfowl censuses. Ornis Fennica 73:60-68.

Poysa, H. 1999. Association between conspecific nest parasitism and the timing of breeding in the Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula: An alternative interpretation. Ornis Fennica 76:89-92.

Poysa, H. 1999. Conspecific nest parasitism is associated with inequality in nest predation risk in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). Behavioral Ecology 10:533-540.

Poysa, H. 2003. Low host recognition tendency revealed by experimentally induced parasitic egg laying in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1561-1565.

Poysa, H. 2003. Parasitic common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) females lay preferentially in safe neighbourhoods. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54:30-35.

Poysa, H., K. Lindblom, J. Rutila, and J. Sorjonen. 2009. Reliability of egg morphology to detect conspecific brood parasitism in goldeneyes Bucephala clangula examined using protein fingerprinting. Journal of Avian Biology 40:453-456.

Poysa, H., K. Lindblom, J. Rutila, and J. Sorjonen. 2010. Response of parasitically laying goldeneyes to experimental nest predation. Animal Behaviour 80:881-886.

Poysa, H., M. Milonoff, V. Ruusila, and J. Virtanen. 1999. Nest-site selection in relation to habitat edge: Experiments in the Common Goldeneye. Journal of Avian Biology 30:79-84.

Poysa, H., M. Milonoff, and J. Virtanen. 1997. Nest predation in hole-nesting birds in relation to habitat edge: An experiment. Ecography 20:329-335.

Poysa, H. and A. Paasivaara. 2006. Movements and mortality of common goldeneye Bucephala clangula broods in a patchy environment. Oikos 115:33-42.

Poysa, H. and A. Paasivaara. 2016. Nest predation risk, but not demography, drives dynamics of conspecific brood parasitism. Behavioral Ecology 27:196-203.

Poysa, H., A. Paasivaara, K. Lindblom, J. Rutila, and J. Sorjonen. 2014. Co-parasites preferentially lay with kin and in safe neighbourhoods: experimental evidence from goldeneye ducks. Animal Behaviour 91:111-118.

Poysa, H. and M. Pesonen. 2007. Nest predation and the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism: From risk spreading to risk assessment. American Naturalist 169:94-104.

Poysa, H. and S. Poysa. 2002. Nest-site limitation and density dependence of reproductive output in the common goldeneye Bucephala clangula: Implications for the management of cavity-nesting birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:502-510.

Poysa, H., M. Rask, and P. Nummi. 1994. Acidification and ecological interactions at higher trophic levels in small forest lakes: The perch and the common goldeneye. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:397-404.

Poysa, H., J. Rintala, A. Lehikoinen, and R. A. Vaisanen. 2013. The importance of hunting pressure, habitat preference and life history for population trends of breeding waterbirds in Finland. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59:245-256.

Poysa, H., P. Runko, and V. Ruusila. 1997. Natal philopatry and the local resource competition hypothesis: Data from the common goldeneye. Journal of Avian Biology 28:63-67.

Poysa, H., P. Runko, V. Ruusila, and M. Milonoff. 2001. Identification of parasitized nests by using egg morphology in the Common Goldeneye: An alternative to blood sampling. Journal of Avian Biology 32:79-82.

Poysa, H., V. Ruusila, M. Milonoff, and J. Virtanen. 2001. Ability to assess nest predation risk in secondary hole-nesting birds: An experimental study. Oecologia (Berlin) 126:201-207.

Poysa, H. and J. Virtanen. 1994. Habitat selection and survival of common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) broods: preliminary results. Hydrobiologia 279-280:289-296.

Poysa, H., J. Virtanen, and M. Milonoff. 1997. Common goldeneyes adjust maternal effort in relation to prior brood success and not current brood size. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40:101-106.

Prach, R. W., A. R. Smith, and A. Dzubin. 1987. Nesting of the Common Eider near the Hell Gate-Cardigan Strait Polynya Canada 1980-81. Pages 127-136 Reed, A. (Ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. V+177p. Canadian Wildlife Service: Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Illus. Maps. Paper.

Pratte, I., M. D. Tomlik, T. A. Betsch, B. M. Braune, G. R. Milton, and M. L. Mallory. 2015. Trace elements in eggs of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) breeding in Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Pollution Bulletin 100:586-591.

Prestrud, P. 1991. Summer Distribution and Population Size of the King Eider Somateria-Spectabilis in Svalbard Arctic Ocean. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter:63-68.

Prestrud, P. and F. Mehlum. 1991. Population Size and Summer Distribution of the Common Eider Somateria-Mollissima in Svalbard Arctic Ocean 1981-1985. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter:9-20.

Priebe, M. D. 1952. Acanthocephalan parasites of waterbirds in Eastern Washington. Trans Amer Microsc Soc 71:347-349.

Prince, H. H. 1968. Nest sites used by wood ducks and common goldeneyes in New Brunswick. J Wildl Manage 32:489-500.

Proctor, S. J., G. L. Pearson, and L. Liebovitz. 1975. Color Atlas of Wildlife Pathology Part 2 Duck Plague in Free Flying Waterfowl Observed During the Lake Andes Epizootic. Wildlife Diseases:1-59.

Provencher, J. F., H. G. Gilchrist, M. L. Mallory, G. W. Mitchell, and M. R. Forbes. 2016. Direct and indirect causes of sex differences in mercury concentrations and parasitic infections in a marine bird. Science of the Total Environment 551:506-512.

Quakenbush, L., R. Suydam, T. Obritschkewitsch, and M. Deering. 2004. Breeding biology of Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) near Barrow, Alaska, 1991 - 99. Arctic 57:166-182.

Quakenbush, L. T., R. H. Day, B. A. Anderson, F. A. Pitelka, and B. J. McCaffery. 2002. Historical and present breeding season distribution of Steller's Eiders in Alaska. Western Birds 33:99-120.

Quinlan, S. E. and W. A. Lehnhausen. 1982. Arctic Fox Alopex-Lagopus Predation on Nesting Common Eiders Somateria-Mollissima at Icy Cape Alaska USA. Canadian Field-Naturalist 96:462-466.

Raab, R. 2003. Impact of the construction of the hydroelectric power plant Freudenau (Vienna) on the wintering stocks of waterbirds on the Danube in Vienna. Denisia:159-179.

Rad, O. 1980. Breeding Distribution and Habitat Selection of Red-Breasted Mergansers Mergus-Serrator in Fresh Water in Western Norway. Wildfowl 31:53-56.

Rail, J.-F. and G. Chapdelaine. 2004. Fifteenth census of seabird populations in the sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1998-1999. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118:256-263.

Rail, J.-F. and R. Cotter. 2007. Sixteenth Census of Seabird Populations in the Sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2005. Canadian Field-Naturalist 121:287-294.

Ramey, A. M., J. M. Pearce, C. R. Ely, L. M. S. Guy, D. B. Irons, D. V. Derksen, and H. S. Ip. 2010. Transmission and reassortment of avian influenza viruses at the Asian-North American interface. Virology 406:352-359.

Ramey, A. M., J. M. Pearce, A. B. Reeves, J. C. Franson, M. R. Petersen, and H. S. Ip. 2011. Evidence for limited exchange of avian influenza viruses between seaducks and dabbling ducks at Alaska Peninsula coastal lagoons. Archives of Virology 156:1813-1821.

Ramey, A. M., A. B. Reeves, R. L. Poulson, J. Wasley, D. Esler, and D. E. Stallknecht. 2015. Sampling of Sea Ducks for Influenza A Viruses in Alaska during Winter Provides Lack of Evidence for Epidemiologic Peak of Infection. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51:938-941.

Raquel, A. J., J. H. Devries, D. W. Howerter, R. T. Alisauskas, S. W. Leach, and R. G. Clark. 2016. Timing of nesting of upland-nesting ducks in the Canadian prairies and its relation to spring wetland conditions. Canadian Journal of Zoology 94:575-581.

Rave, D. P., M. C. Zicus, J. R. Fieberg, L. Savoy, and K. Regan. 2014. Trends in Eggshell Thickness and Mercury in Common Goldeneye and Hooded Merganser Eggs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 38:9-13.

Raven, G. H. and D. L. Dickson. 2006. Changes in Distribution and Abundance of Birds on Western Victoria Island from 1992-1994 to 2004-2005. Canadian Wildlife Service.

Raven, G. H. and D. L. Dickson. 2009. Surveys of Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigra) in the Bathurst Inlet area of Nunavut, 2006-2008., Canadian Wildlife Service.

Reebs, S. G., L. Boudreau, P. Hardie, and R. A. Cunjak. 1995. Diel activity patterns of lake chubs and other fishes in a temperate stream. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1221-1227.

Reed, A. 1987. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. Reed, A. (Ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. V+177p. Canadian Wildlife Service: Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Illus. Maps. Paper.

Reed, A. 1987. Eiderdown Harvesting and Other Uses of Common Eiders in Spring and Summer. Pages 138-146 Reed, A. (Ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. V+177p. Canadian Wildlife Service: Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Illus. Maps. Paper.

Reed, A., Y. Aubry, and E. Reed. 1994. Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata, nesting in Southern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:364-365.

Reed, A. and A. Bourget. 1977. Distribution and Abundance of Waterfowl Wintering in Southern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 91:1-7.

Reed, A. and G. Chapdelaine. 1978. Colonial Nesting Water Birds in the St-Lawrence River. Ibis 120:124.

Reed, A. and J. G. Cousineau. 1967. Epidemics involving the common eider (Somateria mollissima) at He Blanche, Quebec. Natur Can 94:327-334.

Reed, A., P. Dupuis, A. Bourget, and H. L. Mendall. 1987. Races of the Common Eider Wintering in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Canada. Pages 89-92 Reed, A. (Ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. V+177p. Canadian Wildlife Service: Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Illus. Maps. Paper.

Reed, A. and A. J. Erskine. 1987. Populations of the Common Eider in the Eastern North America Their Size and Status. Pages 156-162 Reed, A. (Ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, No. 47. Eider Ducks in Canada. V+177p. Canadian Wildlife Service: Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Illus. Maps. Paper.

Reed, J. A. and P. L. Flint. 2007. Movements and foraging effort of Steller's Eiders and Harlequin Ducks wintering near Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Journal of Field Ornithology 78:124-132.

Reed, J. A., D. L. Lacroix, and P. L. Flint. 2007. Depredation of Common Eider, Somateria mollissima, Nests on a Central Beaufort Sea Barrier Island: A Case Where No One Wins. Canadian Field-Naturalist 121:308-312.

Regehr, H. M. 2003. Survival and movement of postfledging juvenile harlequin ducks. Wilson Bulletin 115:423-430.

Regehr, H. M. 2011. Movement Rates and Distances of Wintering Harlequin Ducks: Implications for Population Structure. Waterbirds 34:19-31.

Regehr, H. M. and M. S. Rodway. 2003. Evaluation of nasal discs and colored leg bands as markers for Harlequin Ducks. Journal of Field Ornithology 74:129-135.

Regehr, H. M., C. M. Smith, B. Arquilla, and F. Cooke. 2001. Post-fledging broods of migratory Harlequin Ducks accompany females to wintering areas. Condor 103:408-412.

Regel, K. V. 1987. Morphology and Life Cycle of Echinocotyle-Clanguli New-Species Cestoda Hymenolepididae. Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg) 21:482-488.

Regel, K. V. 2005. To the fauna of the cestode family Hymenolepididae from ducks of Chukotka : Microsomacanthus parasobolevi sp n. - A widely distributed parasite of eider ducks. Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg) 39:146-154.

Reimchen, T. E. 1980. Spine Deficiency and Polymorphism in a Population of Gasterosteus-Aculeatus an Adaptation to Predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:1232-1244.

Reimchen, T. E. and S. Douglas. 1984. Seasonal and Diurnal Abundance of Aquatic Birds on the Drizzle Lake Reserve Queen Charlotte Islands British-Columbia Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 98:22-28.

Reinhardt, U. G. and M. C. Healey. 1997. Size-dependent foraging behaviour and use of cover in juvenile coho salmon under predation risk. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1642-1651.

Reitan, O. and J. Sandvik. 1996. An assessment of retaining dams in hydropower reservoirs for enhancing bird habitat. Regulated Rivers Research and Management 12:523-534.

Reynolds, P. 1987. Observations on the Time Budget and Diving Ecology of Long-Tailed Ducks in Eqalungmiut Nunaat West Greenland. Wildfowl 38:55-62.

Ribak, G., J. G. Swallow, and D. R. Jones. 2010. Drag-Based 'Hovering' in Ducks: The Hydrodynamics and Energetic Cost of Bottom Feeding. PLoS One 5:e12565.

Ribeiro, F., L. V. Lins, V. M. Gomes, F. H. Nery, and E. S. dos Reis. 2011. Dispersion and sexual maturity of Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot, 1817 in the Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia 19:391-397.

Ricca, M. A., A. K. Miles, B. E. Ballachey, J. L. Bodkin, D. Esler, and K. A. Trust. 2010. PCB exposure in sea otters and harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:861-872.

Richardson, W. J. and S. R. Johnson. 1981. Water Bird Migration near the Yukon Canada and Alaskan USA Coast of the Beaufort Sea 1. Timing Routes and Numbers in Spring. Arctic 34:108-121.

Richman, S. E. and J. R. Lovvorn. 2003. Effects of clam species dominance on nutrient and energy acquisition by spectacled eiders in the Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 261:283-297.

Richman, S. E. and J. R. Lovvorn. 2008. Costs of diving by wing and foot propulsion in a sea duck, the white-winged scoter. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 178:321-332.

Richman, S. E. and J. R. Lovvorn. 2009. Predator size, prey size and threshold food densities of diving ducks: does a common prey base support fewer large animals? Journal of Animal Ecology 78:1033-1042.

Richner, H. 1988. Temporal and Spatial Patterns in the Abundance of Wintering Red-Breasted Mergansers Mergus-Serrator in an Estuary. Ibis 130:73-78.

Richter, B., C. Schulze, J. Kaemmerling, M. Mostegl, and H. Weissenboeck. 2010. First report of typhlitis/typhlohepatitis caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in three duck species. Avian Pathology 39:499-503.

Riedman, M. L. and J. A. Estes. 1988. Predation on Seabirds by Sea Otters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1396-1402.

Rigou, Y. and M. Guillemette. 2010. Foraging Effort and Pre-laying Strategy in Breeding Common Eiders. Waterbirds 33:314-322.

Rizzolo, D. J., D. Esler, D. D. Roby, and R. L. Jarvis. 2005. Do wintering Harlequin Ducks forage nocturnally at high latitudes? Condor 107:173-177.

Robards, M., H. G. Gilchrist, and K. Allard. 2000. Breeding Atlantic Puffins, Fractercula arctica, and other bird species of Coburg Island, Nunavut. Canadian Field-Naturalist 114:72-77.

Robb, W. H. 1930. Nuptial performance of the hooded merganser. Auk 47:244-245.

Robert, M., R. Benoit, C. Marcotte, J.-P. L. Savard, D. Bordage, and D. Bourget. 2003. Le Garrot d’Islande dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent : calendrier de présence annuelle, répartition, abondance, âge-ratio et sex-ratio., Canadian Wildlife Service.

Robert, M., R. Benoit, and J.-P. L. Savard. 2002. Relationship among breeding, molting, and wintering areas of male Barrow's Goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) in eastern North America. Auk 119:676-684.

Robert, M., D. Bordage, J.-P. L. Savard, G. Fitzgerald, and F. Morneau. 2000. The breeding range of the Barrow's Goldeneye in eastern North America. Wilson Bulletin 112:1-7.

Robert, M. and L. Cloutier. 2001. Summer food habits of Harlequin Ducks in eastern North America. Wilson Bulletin 113:78-84.

Robert, M., B. Drolet, and J.-P. L. Savard. 2006. Effects of backpack radio-transmitters on female Barrow's Goldeneyes. Waterbirds 29:115-120.

Robert, M., B. Drolet, and J.-P. L. Savard. 2008. Habitat features associated with Barrow's Goldeneye breeding in eastern Canada. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:320-330.

Robert, M., G. H. Mittelhauser, B. Jobin, G. Fitzgerald, and P. Lamothe. 2008. New Insights on Harlequin Duck Population Structure in Eastern North America as Revealed by Satellite Telemetry. Waterbirds 31:159-172.

Robert, M. and J.-P. L. Savard. 2006. The St. Lawrence River Estuary and Gulf: A stronghold for Barrow's Goldeneyes wintering in eastern North America. Waterbirds 29:437-450.

Robert, M., M.-A. Vaillancourt, and P. Drapeau. 2010. Characteristics of nest cavities of Barrow's Goldeneyes in eastern Canada. Journal of Field Ornithology 81:287-293.

Roberts, A. J. and M. R. Conover. 2014. Role of Benthic Substrate in Waterbird Distribution on Great Salt Lake, Utah. Waterbirds 37:298-306.

Roberts, A. J., M. R. Conover, and J. L. Vest. 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON WINTERING DUCK ABUNDANCE AT GREAT SALT LAKE, UTAH. Western North American Naturalist 76:18-26.

Robertson, G. J. 1995. Annual variation in common eider egg size: Effects of temperature, clutch size, laying date, and laying sequence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1579-1587.

Robertson, G. J. 1995. Factors affecting nest site selection and nesting success in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima. Ibis 137:109-115.

Robertson, G. J. 1998. Egg adoption can explain joint egg-laying in common eiders. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 43:289-296.

Robertson, G. J. 2008. Using Winter Juvenile/Adult Ratios as Indices of Recruitment in Population Models. Waterbirds 31:152-158.

Robertson, G. J. and F. Cooke. 1993. Intraclutch egg-size variation and hatching success in the common eider. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:544-549.

Robertson, G. J. and F. Cooke. 1999. Winter philopatry in migratory waterfowl. Auk 116:20-34.

Robertson, G. J., F. Cooke, R. I. Goudie, and W. S. Boyd. 1998. Moult speed predicts pairing success in male harlequin ducks. Animal Behaviour 55:1677-1684.

Robertson, G. J., F. Cooke, R. I. Goudie, and W. S. Boyd. 1998. The timing of arrival and moult chronology of Harlequin Ducks Histrionicus histrionicus. Wildfowl 48:147-155.

Robertson, G. J., F. Cooke, R. I. Goudie, and W. S. Boyd. 1998. The timing of pair formation in Harlequin ducks. Condor 100:551-555.

Robertson, G. J., F. Cooke, R. I. Goudie, and W. S. Boyd. 2000. Spacing patterns, mating systems, and winter philopatry in Harlequin Ducks. Auk 117:299-307.

Robertson, G. J. and H. G. Gilchrist. 1998. Evidence of population declines among common eiders breeding in the Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories. Arctic 51:378-385.

Robertson, G. J. and H. G. Gilchrist. 2003. Wintering Snowy Owls feed on sea ducks in the Belcher Islands, Nunavut, Canada. Journal of Raptor Research 37:164-166.

Robertson, G. J., G. H. Mittelhauser, T. Chubbs, P. Trimper, R. I. Goudie, P. W. Thomas, S. Brodeur, M. Robert, S. G. Gilliland, and J.-P. L. Savard. 2008. Morphological Variation among Harlequin Ducks in the Northwest Atlantic. Waterbirds 31:194-203.

Robertson, G. J., A. Reed, and H. G. Gilchrist. 2001. Clutch, egg and body size variation among common eiders breeding in Hudson Bay, Canada. Polar Research 20:85-94.

Robertson, G. J. and J.-P. L. Savard. 2002. Long-tailed duck: Clangula hyemalis. Birds of North America:1-27.

Robertson, G. J., M. D. Watson, and F. Cooke. 1992. Frequency, timing and costs of intraspecific nest parasitism in the common eider. Condor 94:871-879.

Robertson, G. J. a. J.-P. L. S. 2002. Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis). The Birds of North America.

Robertson, G. J. a. R. I. G. 1999. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). The Birds of North America.

Robinson, H. W. 1926. The nesting of Steller's Eider in Norway. Ibis 2:631.

Robinson, J. A. 1999. Migration and morphometrics of the Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator in northern Eurasia and the implications for conservation of this species in Britain and Ireland. Wildfowl:139-148.

Robledano, F., M. A. Esteve, J. Martinez-Fernandez, and P. Farinos. 2011. Determinants of wintering waterbird changes in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon affected by eutrophication. Ecological Indicators 11:395-406.

Rodriguez-Perez, H. and A. J. Green. 2012. Strong seasonal effects of waterbirds on benthic communities in shallow lakes. Freshwater Science 31:1273-1288.

Rodway, M. S. 1998. Activity patterns, diet, and feeding efficiency of Harlequin Ducks breeding in northern Labrador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:902-909.

Rodway, M. S. 1998. Habitat use by Harlequin Ducks breeding in Hebron Fiord, Labrador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:897-901.

Rodway, M. S. 2006. Have winter spacing patterns of harlequin ducks been partially shaped by sexual selection? Waterbirds 29:415-426.

Rodway, M. S. 2007. Timing of pairing in waterfowl II: Testing the hypotheses with Harlequin Ducks. Waterbirds