female than
male ”.
Actually, he is a
male but not
female . He is a
male but he is closer to the state of being
female . The denial of
male is the
assertion of
female and the assertion of
female is the denial of
male . They don’t have the comparative and superlative
degrees. And they don’t have the intermediate degree between these two words of an antonym pair.
The second characteristic is that the norm in this type of antonymy is absolute, that is, the norm is the same when it is
used for all the things it is applicable to. The criteria to tell male from female is the same when we refer to the human
beings and the animals. And the death of human beings is the same as that of any animal.
As for the third characteristic, in the complementary antonymy, there is no cover term or covered term. We can not ask
somebody’s sex like age. It means we cannot say “how boy/male is it” like “how old are you”. We should ask “Is it a boy
or a girl”. That’s a normal question.
(3) Converse Antonymy
The antonym pairs like
husband/wife, doctor/patient, teacher/student, buy/sell, above/below and
employer/employee are all converse antonymy. They show a reversal relationship. A is B’s husband means B is A’s wife. A is B’s doctor
means B is A’s patient. A is B’s teacher means B is A’s student. It is also known as relational opposites.
Egan (1968) describe these antonym pairs as pairs of words which include such a relationship that one of them cannot
be used without suggesting the other. Therefore we can see that there is a huge difference between converse antonymy
and the other two subtypes of antonymy, that is, one should presupposes the other as for the two members that involved in
an antonym pair. If there is a buyer, then there must be a seller. We cannot say he is a husband, we must say he is whose
husband, because one can not be a husband if he has no wife. Just like the parent who can not be a parent if he has no child.
In this relationship, one can not talk about A without B.
However, there is something special to the “child”. Child and parent is an antonym pair if the child means the parent’s
son or daughter. But when it refers to somebody under the age of eighteen,
child is the antonym of
adult . It is the same as
the word “teacher”. Teacher is a single word when it refers to an occupation. Only when it means one is a teacher only to
his student, can this word constitute an antonym pair with “student”.
III.
A
NTONYMY IN
S
PECIFIC
E
NGLISH
T
EXTS
Antonymy helps achieve textual cohesion. It reveals the opposition and the unity of objects in languages. Employing
antonyms in English texts correctly reveals the oppositeness of objects and produces a strong sense of comparison.
Therefore, writers are fond of and good at employing antonyms in their literature works, because it makes the works
artistically charming and powerfully convincing.
A. Antonymy Used in Poetry Antonyms are widely used in poetry. English poet Alfred Tennyson had the famous lines in his
Ulysses “Though
much is
taken , much
abides ; and though/ We are not
now that strength which in the
old days/ Moved
earth and
heaven ;
that which we are, we are;/ One equal-temper of heroic hearts,/ Made
weak by time and fate, but
strong in will/ To
strive ,
to seek, to find, and not to
yield .” How encouraging it is! Even a man in despair can get the power from the lines. And
what makes the lines memorable and powerful is the use of antonyms.
In