Academic writing
Average temperatures – Paris, Dubai and Melbourne
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Average temperatures – Paris, Dubai and Melbourne
April May June Paris Dubai
Melbourne Month 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 T emper at ur e in °C DeSCrIBInG TrenDS UP ↗ rise (v) Production costs rose to their highest level of the year in July. rise (n) There was a rise in production costs to the highest level of the year in July. go up (v) Between 1900 and 2000, the population went up by over a million people. grow (grew, grown) (v) The number of first-time users grew rapidly in 2015. growth (n) There was a rapid growth in the number of first-time users in 2015. increase (v) The numbers of cyclists increased between 2005 and 2010. increase (n) There was an increase in the number of cyclists between 2005 and 2010. DoWN ↘ decline (v) The construction of new homes declined for ten years in succession. decline (n) There was a decline in the number of new homes for ten years in succession. go down (v) After a brief rise, imports went down again. decrease (v) Average test scores decreased at three of the schools. decrease (n) There was a decrease in test scores at three of the schools. drop (v) In 2008, foreign investment dropped by over 20%. drop (n) In 2008, there was a drop in foreign investment of over 20%. fall (fell, fallen) (v) The number of overseas students fell in 2013. fall (n) There was a fall in the number of international students in 2013. SAME → stay the same The company’s market share stayed the same. remain constant For three months, the percentage remained constant. UP AND DoWN ↘ ↗ ↘ fluctuate (v) The number of seasonal workers employed by the company fluctuates each year. fluctuation (n) There have been fluctuations in the number of seasonal workers employed by the company. go up and down (v) Fares have gone up and down over the last few months. 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 187 19/12/2014 13:24
188 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs PrePoSITIonS oF TIMe at (+ time of day) at noon; at 8 a.m. on (+ date/day of the week) on 1st October; on Mondays in (+ month/season/year/decade/century) in June; in the summer; in 2014; in the 1990s; in the 21st century for (a period of time) for ten years; for the next several months by (before or at a specific point in time) by 10th April; by the end of 2016 until (up to a certain point) until December 31; until 2020; until the beginning of 2014 from … to/between … and (starting points and ending points) from 2001 to 2015; between 1st January and 31st June before/after (+ point in time) before 5:00 p.m.; after the 19th century around (+ period of time or point in time) around 1997; for around six months during (for the duration of a period of time) during the 1980s; during the winter; during April uu
For more information and practice of prepositions, see Grammar Resource Bank page 327. 6 Look at the graph about the number of university applications. Write sentences with the words in brackets. Write about main trends or important points. 1 (rise / from … to) The number of applications received by Atherton University rose from 1980 to 2005. 2 (climb to / by) 3 (fall to / in) 4 (a decline in / during) 5 (fluctuate / between ... and) 6 (level off / around) 7 (reach a peak / around) 8 (drop / after) 9 (stay the same / from … to) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 7,000
6,000 5,000
4,000 3,000
2,000 1,000
0
udents Atherton University Alstead University The University of Lakewood Lindslade College
Describing general trends and main features
Year 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 188 19/12/2014 13:24
189 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 ADverBS AnD ADjeCTIveS UP oR DoWN qUICKLY ↑↓ rapidly (adv) The number of smartphones in use has risen rapidly over the last ten years. rapid (adj) In this decade, there was a rapid increase in smartphone use. suddenly (adv) Employment figures dropped suddenly during the following ten years. sudden (adj) The next decade saw a sudden decrease in employment figures. sharply (adv) The price of textbooks rose sharply. sharp (adj) There was a sharp rise in the price of textbooks. dramatically (adv) Exports fell dramatically last year. dramatic (adj) There was a dramatic fall in exports last year. significantly (adv) Property taxes rose significantly in 2014. significant (adj) There was a significant rise in property taxes in 2014. steeply (adv) The number of people attending the event increased steeply in 2013. steep (adj) The year 2013 saw a steep increase in the number of people attending the event. major (adj) A major expansion of the company’s marketing department is expected in the next few years. UP oR DoWN MoRE SLoWLY ↗↘ steadily (adv) The number of tourists visiting the park rose steadily. steady (adj) The park experienced a steady increase in the number of tourists. gradually (adv) The population of the province gradually declined. gradual (adj) There was a gradual decline in the population of the province. slightly (adv) Bus fares may go up slightly. slight (adj) A slight increase in bus fares is expected. minor (adj) There were minor fluctuations in the value of raw materials. uu
For more information and practice of adjectives and adverbs, see Grammar Resource Bank pages 313–315. 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 189 19/12/2014 13:24
190 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs 7 Look at the graph about students studying languages at university. Write two sentences about each language. Use vocabulary from any of the language boxes on pages 186–189 to help you. Try to write about main trends or significant features. French 1 The number of students studying French increased somewhat from 1990 to 1995. DeSCrIBInG ProjeCTIonS Some line graphs make predictions about the future. When you are describing a projection, you should use language that indicates that these activities take place in the future and that the data is uncertain. might + infinitive The costs of doing business in Country B might rise next year. may + infinitive Government revenues may go down again during the next quarter. will + probably + infinitive According to the graph, the number of websites will probably double over the next few years. is + probably + going to + infinitive There is probably going to be an increase in the number of television dramas this autumn. noun + is predicted A sudden increase in tourism is predicted. is predicted + to + infinitive The number of tourists is predicted to rise. noun + is expected A decline in the average age is expected. noun + is expected + to + infinitive The average age is expected to go down. It is expected that + clause It is expected that the average age will decrease. uu
For more information and practice of future tenses, see Grammar Resource Bank pages 304–306. Number of students studying languages at one university in the UK 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 450 400
350 300
250 200
150 100
50 0
udents French
Spanish German
Chinese Polish
Arabic
Year 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 190 19/12/2014 13:24
191 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs FoCuS Using the right tense to describe projections 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 French
Spanish German
Chinese Polish
Arabic
8 Look at the graph showing worldwide rice consumption. Write sentences about the four projections. Remember to use language from the box on page 190 to indicate that the data is uncertain. 1
According to Projection 1, rice consumption around the world is expected to grow to over 520 metric tonnes. 9 Work in pairs. Look at the line graph below and answer the questions. 1 What basic information does the graph provide? 2 What do the four lines on the graph indicate? 3 What is measured on the vertical axis? What unit of measurement is used? 4 What is measured on the horizontal axis? 5 What trends do you see in the graph? 6 What are some of the most important features of this graph? 7 Should you try to report on all the changes in direction that you see in the graph? Why?/Why not?
Understanding the task
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 600 500
400 300
200 100
0 Amount of r ice (metr ic t onnes) Projection 1 Projection 2 Projection 3 Projection 4
Year Marriage and divorce 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006
500
400 300
200 100
0 Number of mar riag es /div or ces (thousands) All marriages First marriages Divorces
Remarriages
Year The graph below gives information about marriage and divorce in the United Kingdom from 1956 to 2006. 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 191 19/12/2014 13:24
192 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs FoCuS Writing an introductory sentence and describing the main trends
10 Look at the graph about marriage and divorce on page 191 again. Answer the questions. 1 Which of these statements about the graph (A or B) do you think is the best introductory sentence? Why is it better?
A This graph provides information about marriage and divorce in the United
Kingdom from 1956 to 2006. B This graph indicates the changing nature of marriage, divorce and remarriage
2 Which of these statements best describes the main trends of the graph? Why is it better?
A In general, we see that the number of marriages declined dramatically over this
period, while the number of divorces and remarriages slightly increased. B Overall, the marriage rate went from about 405,000 per year to less than 300,000
a year, while the number of divorces went from about 30,000 a year to about 150,000. 11 Look carefully at the graph below and answer the questions. (3–5 minutes) 1 What is the overall purpose of the graph? 2 What are one or two important points about the population in:
a the United States? b Nigeria? c Japan? 3 What points of comparison can you make about changes in population in these three countries? The graph below gives historical information and projections about changes in population in the United States, Nigeria and Japan. FoCuS Identifying the important points and key features in a graph
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 600 500
400 300
200 100
0 Millions of people 12 Now write your answer. (10–15 minutes) 1 Write an introductory statement (based on the information in the text box above the graph) and describe the main trends shown in the graph in paragraph 1. 2 Give details about changes in population in the three countries in the next paragraph. Remember to use the appropriate tenses (past and future for predictions). 3 Compare the population changes in the third paragraph. 13 Check your work. Look for mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Make sure that you have used the correct tenses, and used a good variety of language for describing graphs. (3–5 minutes) 14 Work in pairs. After you have finished, look at the model answer on the DVD-RoM. Compare your answers with the model answer and think about the marking criteria. (See page 180 for marking criteria.) Japan
Nigeria United States Year TASK 1 Line Graphs 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 192 19/12/2014 13:24
TASK 1 Line Graphs 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 Year IELTS PRACTICE TASK You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The graph below gives information about how teenagers (aged 12–19) in one state in the United States communicated with each other. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. How teenagers in one US state communicated Nov 2006 Nov 2007 Feb 2008 Sep 2009 60
50 40
30 20
10 0
eenag ers Text messages Calls on cell phones Talk face-to-face
Which statement best describes how you feel about Task 1 Line Graphs tasks? I feel confident about writing responses for Task 1 Line Graphs. I did OK, but I still need to do more work on writing responses for Task 1 Line Graphs. I need more practice with writing responses for Task 1 Line Graphs. I need to focus on … uu
193 ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1 Line Graphs 37802_CGTI_SB_43_Academic Writing_Task 1_1_graphs.indd 193 19/12/2014 13:24 Yüklə 0,7 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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