An Introduction to Old English Edinburgh University Press
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Masculine
Neuter Feminine Plural Nom. he¯ hit he¯o hı¯ Acc. hine hit hı¯ hı¯ Gen. his hit hire hira Dat. him him hire him There are several points to note here. Perhaps the first of these concerns the plural forms, which all have an initial distinguish these forms from the present-day English ones which all start with . The two are quite different. The ones we have today are due
| to influence from Scandinavian which begins after the Old English period and only appears throughout the country towards the very end of the Middle English period. If you look again at the forms above you will be able to see that in Old English every third person pronoun begins with form which is very different from that found today is he¯o as against she. Again the changes occur during the Middle English period, so that all we do is note the later change. THE BASIC ELEMENTS 21 02 pages 001-166 29/1/03 16:09 Page 21 It is impossible to ignore the fact that this third person system can be confusing when confronted with actual text, even though the paradigm above looks quite simple. You may already have noted two potential difficulties, namely that the feminine accusative and the plural accusa- tive are identical, and that the same holds for the masculine/neuter dative and the plural dative. In fact the former pair are not too much of a problem, especially as there may be clues elsewhere, especially from the verb, but the latter can prove particularly difficult, even at a quite advanced stage. The difficulties are further exacerbated by another feature which can be confusing for the modern reader. Although the forms given in the paradigm above are those most often used in Ælfric’s writing, there is considerable variation in the forms used in other Old English texts, and indeed in Ælfric’s own texts. Thus is often replaced by etc. rather than him, and there are other variants too, e.g. hiene for hine, mostly in earlier texts associated with Alfred, or heora and heom for hira and him. The modern reader, who is used to a set spelling system, is tempted to see, for example, heom as a word quite distinct from him and it can be difficult to believe they are mere variants of one another. But such variation is not the result of error. Recall my comments on standard language in Chapter 1. As I said there, even a writer such as Ælfric, who took great care over the forms of his language, was not writing in a standard language. Such a type of language requires an educational and political infrastructure of a degree which, despite the undoubted sophistication of the literate Anglo-Saxon community, was simply impossible. It is reasonable to talk of a focussed language, that is to say, a range of variation of linguistic forms which a geographically defined literate community shared to a considerable degree, but without themselves imposing a well-defined set of spelling conventions, or by using some external source such as a national educational policy. That idea, which may seem appealing today, would be a mere anachronism in the Old English context. 2.5 A simple sentence We have now seen some of the more important elements of the noun phrase system of Old English, although obviously much is still missing (for example, we have said nothing about adjectives). At this stage it becomes possible to begin an analysis of some simple sentences which are genuine examples from Old English, that is to say, not, as before, examples wrenched out of context or adapted for purposes of exem- plification. As you progress through this book you will discover that you 22 AN INTRODUCTION TO OLD ENGLISH 02 pages 001-166 29/1/03 16:09 Page 22 will mostly have to work out the meaning of the texts yourself, with the aid of the glossary at the end. At the moment, however, that is clearly impossible, so every piece I use will be accompanied by a word-by-word translation. This, I have found, is one of the quickest and easiest ways of beginning to acquire some self-confidence in handling the language. The first sentence which I have chosen comes from one of Ælfric’s volumes of Lives of Saints. In Chapter 1 I wrote a little bit about Ælfric. During his lifetime Ælfric wrote a great many homilies and other sermons, as well as other works, including a Latin grammar to help the pupils in his monastery. There is good reason to start with Ælfric, for he writes with fluency and clarity and his work is amongst the easiest to understand. The short passage which I have chosen comes from his story of the Maccabees. [ 1 Iu¯das e a¯ g . elæ¯hte t æs appollonies swurd,] [ 2 t æt wæs mæ¯rlic . wæ¯pn,] Judas then seized the Appolonius’ sword, that was famous weapon [ 3 and he wann mid t am] [ 4 on æ¯lc . um gefeohte] [ 5 on eallum his lı¯f.] and he won with that in each battle in all his life I have marked each major part of the sentence, concentrating on the noun phrases, so that we don’t get confused by taking the complete sentence at one fell swoop. In the first part the only phrase that is of major interest is † Yüklə 1,93 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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