Andijan state institute of foreign languages department of practice of the english language self-study on the theme

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
ANDIJAN STATE INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE


SELF–STUDY ON THE THEME
GENEOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Discipline:Theoretical Aspects of the Language (Theoretical grammar)
Faculty:English philology, teaching methodology and translation studies
Group:408
Student: Ma'mirjonova Nargiza


Andijan - 2023

Theme: Geneological and morphological characteristics of the english language

Plan

1. 
   History of the origin of the English language
   
2. 
   Geneological Classification of Languages
   
3. 
   The morphology of the english language
   

1. 
   History of the origin of the English language
   

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.
Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

2. 
   Geneological Classification of Languages
   

The Geneological classification of languages became possible only after the emergence of the concept of linguistic relationship and the acceptance of the principle of the historical method in linguistic research in the 19th century. Classifications are made as the result of the study of languages, using the comparative and historical methods. Being historical and genetic, the Geneological classification of languages—in contrast to the multiplicity of typological and areal classifications—is in the form of a single scheme. Being linguistic, it does not coincide with anthropological classification, and, in particular, it does not presuppose that peoples who speak related languages are also members of the same race. The existence of systemic tendencies in language development is used to prove the genetic relationship of languages. The presence of systematic correlations—regular sound correspondences in the indigenous language materials (vocabulary and grammatical elements)—serves as the specific criterion for this purpose. However, the absence of systematic correlations between comparable languages does not prove the absence of a relationship between them, since the relationship might be too remote for any systematic correlations to be revealed in the linguistic data.
Although language families are continuously evolving, their formation generally predates the appearance of class society. The factor of linguistic differentiation plays a leading role in the formation of linguistic families, given the phenomenon of the parallel and convergent development of languages. Language families are usually made up of smaller groups that unite languages that have closer genetic relationships. Many of these groups originated in a much later period—for example, the Slavic, Germanic, Italic (from which the Romance languages developed), Celtic, and Indo-Iranian groups of the Indo-European language family. Modern Geneological linguistic classification does not provide any grounds to support the once-popular linguistic concept of the monogenesis of the languages of the world.
The best-known language families of Eurasia and Oceania include Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, Chukchi-Kamchadal, Sino-Tibetan, Mon-Khmer, Malayo-Polynesian, Dravidian, and Munda. Four large language families are recognized in Africa—Semito-Hamitic, or Afro-Asiatic (also spoken in the adjacent territory of Asia), Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, and Khoisan. Less adequately developed are the Geneological classifications of the aboriginal languages of America and Australia, where Geneological classification is not yet delimited from typological classifications. (In particular, E. Sapir’s classification of North American languages into six families has yet to be verified.) In view of the difficulty involved in differentiating distantly related languages and unrelated languages, purely hypothetical constructs are encountered in a number of instances: compare the Altaic family (embracing the Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, and sometimes Korean, languages), the Caucasian family (including the Abkhazo-Adygeian, Kartvelian, and Nakhian-Dagestanian languages), and the Nostratic family (consisting of several large families of Eurasian languages). The so-called mixed languages also find a place within the well-known language families. (For example, almost all the Creole languages are placed in the Indo-European family.) There are isolated languages, genetically unrelated to any other language, which can be regarded as the sole representatives of separate families—for example, Basque in Europe; Ket, Burushaski, Nivkh, and Ainu in Asia; and Kutenai, Zuñi, and Keres in America.
Different methods exist for classifying languages, depending on whether the task is to work out the relations among languages already known to be related—internal language classification—or whether the task is to establish that certain languages are related—external language classification.
The comparative method in historical linguistics, developed during the latter part of the 19th century, represents one method for internal language classification; lexicostatistics, developed during the 1950s, represents another. Elements of lexicostatistics have been transformed and carried over into modern computational linguistic phylogenetics, and currently efforts are also being made to automate the comparative method. Recent years have seen rapid progress in the development of methods, tools, and resources for language classification. For instance, computational phylogenetic algorithms and software have made it possible to handle the classification of many languages using explicit models of language change, and data have been gathered for two thirds of the world’s language, allowing for rapid, exploratory classifications. There are also many open questions and venues for future research, for instance: What are the real-world counterparts to the nodes in a family tree structure? How can shortcomings in the traditional method of comparative historical linguistics be overcome? How can the understanding of the results that computational linguistic phylogenetics have to offer be improved?
External language classification, a notoriously difficult task, has also benefitted from the advent of computational power. While, in the past, the simultaneous comparison of many languages for the purpose of discovering deep Geneological links was carried out in a haphazard fashion, leaving too much room for the effect of chance similarities to kick in, this sort of activity can now be done in a systematic, objective way on an unprecedented scale. The ways of producing final, convincing evidence for a deep Geneological relation, however, have not changed much. There is some room for improvement in this area, but even more room for improvement in the way that proposals for long-distance relations are evaluated.
The morphology of the english language
This article is about the morphology of the English language. It outlines the main categories of morphology and gives the examples for each category.
The morphology of the English language is a part of English grammar which studies the structure of the English word, its components and functions and the formation of the word. The English morphology is studying the word’s root, affixes, suffixes, bases, inflections and phonemes.
1. The root is the main part of the English word. It doesn’t have any prefixes, suffixes, etc.
Kind
Mix
Fix
2. Affixes are added to the root and change its meaning. Affixes are prefixes that are placed in front of the root. Suffixes are placed at the end of the word, and infixes are inserted in the middle of the word.
Tide – tidy – untidy
saxomaphone
The word base is the part of a word without an ending.
Look – looked
3. The morpheme is a minimal language unit which has its meaning. The morpheme could be a prefix, a suffix or an ending. The morpheme has a meaning, but it cannot be used outside the word.
4. The phoneme is the smallest unit of the language sound system.
5. The word is a part of speech which expresses an independent concept.
The morphology studies the word from the viewpoint of the part of speech. There are the following parts of speech in English: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, numeral, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and articles.
The parts of speech can be divided into formal words and independent words.
Numeral, verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, adjective refer to the independent words.
Conjunctions and prepositions refer to the formal words. They don’t have an independent meaning and are meaningful only within the word combination.
Interjections are neither formal nor independent words. The reason is because they have a specific meaning and role
Used literature:
1. Modern English in Action, Henry I. Christ, DC Heath and company, Boston 2001.
2. English phonetic, A.A. Abduazizov издательство «Укитувчи» Т. 1972 г.
3. Reference guide to English, Alice Maclin, USA Washington 1994
4. Language for daily use Mildred A Dawson New York, 2001y
5. New English voyages in English, Francis B. Connors, Loyola University. Press, Chicago 1991y

Used internet sources:

1. 
   https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joaquim-Dias-Cordeiro-da-Matta
   
2. 
   https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linguistics/Typology#:~:text=There%20are%20roughly%20four%20kinds,inflected%20(if%20they%20are).
   
3. 
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language#:~:text=Thus%2C%20despite%20a%20majority%20of,Low%20Saxon%20and%20Frisian%20languages.