particularly famous. Wellington is reported to have said that the victory
of Waterloo was decided on the playing fields of Eton. It is not so very
long ago that an overwhelming majority of the people who in one way or
another ruled England came from the Public Schools.
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
Shortly after I left school (I wasn’t quite twenty years
old then) I went to Burma and joined the Indian Imperial
Police. This was an armed police, a sort of gendarmerie
very similar to the Spanish Guardia Civil or the Garde Mo-
bile
in France. I stayed five years in the service. It did not
suit me and made me hate imperialism, although at that
time nationalist feelings in Burma were not very marked,
and relations between the English and the Burmese were
not particularly unfriendly. When on leave in England in
1927, I resigned from the service and decided to become
a writer: at first without any especial success. In 1928–9
I lived in Paris and wrote short stories and novels that no-
body would print (I have since destroyed them all). In the
following years I lived mostly from hand to mouth, and
went hungry on several occasions. It was only from 1934
onwards that I was able to live on what I earned from my
writing. In the meantime I sometimes lived for months
on end amongst the poor and half-criminal elements who
inhabit the worst parts of the poorer quarters, or take to
the streets, begging and stealing. At that time I associ-
ated with them through lack of money, but later their way
of life interested me very much for its own sake. I spent
many months (more systematically this time) studying
the conditions of the miners in the north of England. Up
to 1930 I did not on the whole look upon myself as a
Socialist. In fact I had as yet no clearly defined polit-
ical views. I became pro-Socialist more out of disgust
with the way the poorer section of the industrial workers
were oppressed and neglected than out of any theoretical
admiration for a planned society.
In 1936 I got married. In almost the same week the
civil war broke out in Spain. My wife and I both wanted
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
to go to Spain and fight for the Spanish Government. We
were ready in six months, as soon as I had finished the
book I was writing. In Spain I spent almost six months
on the Aragón front until, at Huesca, a Fascist sniper
shot me through the throat.
In the early stages of the war foreigners were on the
whole unaware of the inner struggles between the various
political parties supporting the Government. Through a
series of accidents I joined not the International Brigade
like the majority of foreigners, but the POUM militia—i. e.
the Spanish Trotskyists.
So in the middle of 1937, when the Communists gained
control (or partial control) of the Spanish Government
and began to hunt down the Trotskyists, we both found
ourselves amongst the victims. We were very lucky to get
out of Spain alive, and not even to have been arrested
once. Many of our friends were shot, and others spent a
long time in prison or simply disappeared.
These man-hunts in Spain went on at the same time
as the great purges in the USSR and were a sort of sup-
plement to them. In Spain as well as in Russia the nature
of the accusations (namely, conspiracy with the Fascists)
was the same and as far as Spain was concerned I had
every reason to believe that the accusations were false. To
experience all this was a valuable object lesson: it taught
me how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the
opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries.
My wife and I both saw innocent people being thrown
into prison merely because they were suspected of un-
orthodoxy. Yet on our return to England we found nu-
merous sensible and well-informed observers believing
the most fantastic accounts of conspiracy, treachery and
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
sabotage which the press reported from the Moscow tri-
als.
And so I understood, more clearly than ever, the nega-
tive influence of the Soviet myth upon the western Social-
ist movement.
And here I must pause to describe my attitude to the
Soviet régime.
I have never visited Russia and my knowledge of it
consists only of what can be learned by reading books and
newspapers. Even if I had the power, I would not wish to
interfere in Soviet domestic affairs: I would not condemn
Stalin and his associates merely for their barbaric and
undemocratic methods. It is quite possible that, even with
the best intentions, they could not have acted otherwise
under the conditions prevailing there.
But on the other hand it was of the utmost impor-
tance to me that people in western Europe should see
the Soviet régime for what it really was. Since 1930 I
had seen little evidence that the USSR was progressing
towards anything that one could truly call Socialism. On
the contrary, I was struck by clear signs of its transforma-
tion into a hierarchical society, in which the rulers have
no more reason to give up their power than any other
ruling class. Moreover, the workers and intelligentsia in
a country like England cannot understand that the USSR
of today is altogether different from what it was in 1917.
It is partly that they do not want to understand (i. e. they
want to believe that, somewhere, a really Socialist country
does actually exist), and partly that, being accustomed
to comparative freedom and moderation in public life,
totalitarianism is completely incomprehensible to them.
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
Yet one must remember that England is not completely
democratic. It is also a capitalist country with great class
privileges and (even now, after a war that has tended
to equalise everybody) with great differences in wealth.
But nevertheless it is a country in which people have
lived together for several hundred years without major
conflict, in which the laws are relatively just and official
news and statistics can almost invariably be believed,
and, last but not least, in which to hold and to voice
minority views does not involve any mortal danger. In
such an atmosphere the man in the street has no real
understanding of things like concentration camps, mass
deportations, arrests without trial, press censorship, etc.
Everything he reads about a country like the USSR is
automatically translated into English terms, and he quite
innocently accepts the lies of totalitarian propaganda. Up
to 1939, and even later, the majority of English people
were incapable of assessing the true nature of the Nazi
régime in Germany, and now, with the Soviet régime, they
are still to a large extent under the same sort of illusion.
This has caused great harm to the Socialist movement
in England, and had serious consequences for English
foreign policy. Indeed, in my opinion, nothing has con-
tributed so much to the corruption of the original idea of
Socialism as the belief that Russia is a Socialist country
and that every act of its rulers must be excused, if not
imitated.
And so for the past ten years I have been convinced
that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if
we wanted a revival of the Socialist movement.
On my return from Spain I thought of exposing the
Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
almost anyone and which could be easily translated into
other languages. However, the actual details of the story
did not come to me for some time until one day (I was
then living in a small village) I saw a little boy, perhaps
ten years old, driving a huge cart-horse along a narrow
path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me
that if only such animals became aware of their strength
we should have no power over them, and that men exploit
animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the
proletariat.
I proceeded to analyse Marx’s theory from the animals?
point of view. To them it was clear that the concept of a
class struggle between humans was pure illusion, since
whenever it was necessary to exploit animals, all humans
united against them: the true struggle is between animals
and humans. From this point of departure, it was not
difficult to elaborate the story. I did not write it out till
1943, for I was always engaged on other work which
gave me no time; and in the end I included some events,
for example the Teheran Conference, which were taking
place while I was writing. Thus the main outlines of the
story were in my mind over a period of six years before it
was actually written.
I do not wish to comment on the work; if it does not
speak for itself, it is a failure. But I should like to empha-
sise two points: first, that although the various episodes
are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolu-
tion, they are dealt with schematically and their chrono-
logical order is changed; this was necessary for the sym-
metry of the story. The second point has been missed
by most critics, possibly because I did not emphasise it
sufficiently. A number of readers may finish the book
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Preface Ukrainian
with the impression that it ends in the complete recon-
ciliation of the pigs and the humans. That was not my
intention; on the contrary I meant it to end on a loud note
of discord, for I wrote it immediately after the Teheran
Conference which everybody thought had established the
best possible relations between the USSR and the West. I
personally did not believe that such good relations would
last long; and, as events have shown, I wasn’t far wrong.
I don’t know what more I need add. If anyone is in-
terested in personal details, I should add that I am a
widower with a son almost three years old, that by pro-
fession I am a writer, and that since the beginning of the
war I have worked mainly as a journalist.
The periodical to which I contribute most regularly is
Tribune
, a socio-political weekly which represents, gen-
erally speaking, the left wing of the Labour Party. The
following of my books might most interest the ordinary
reader (should any reader of this translation find copies
of them): Burmese Days (a story about Burma), Homage
to Catalonia
(arising from my experiences in the Span-
ish Civil War), and Critical Essays (essays mainly about
contemporary popular English literature and instructive
more from the sociological than from the literary point of
view).
1947
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