Chapter III
How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their
efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger
success than they had hoped.
Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had
been designed for human beings and not for animals, and
it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use
any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the
pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round
every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of
the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing
and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever
done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and
supervised the others. With their superior knowledge
it was natural that they should assume the leadership.
Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter
or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these
days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the
field with a pig walking behind and calling out “Gee up,
comrade!” or “Whoa back, comrade!” as the case might
be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at
turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and
hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny
wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the
harvest in two days’ less time than it had usually taken
Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest
that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage
whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had
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Chapter III
gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the
farm had stolen so much as a mouthful.
All through that summer the work of the farm went
like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had
never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of
food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was
truly their own food, produced by themselves and for
themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master.
With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there
was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too,
inexperienced though the animals were. They met with
many difficulties—for instance, later in the year, when
they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the
ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath,
since the farm possessed no threshing machine—but the
pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous
muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the
admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker
even in Jones’s time, but now he seemed more like three
horses than one; there were days when the entire work of
the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From
morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always
at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made
an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in
the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and
would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed
to be most needed, before the regular day’s work began.
His answer to every problem, every setback, was “I will
work harder!”—which he had adopted as his personal
motto.
But everyone worked according to his capacity The
hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn
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Chapter III
at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody
stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling
and biting and jealousy which had been normal features
of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody
shirked—or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not
good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of
leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone
in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat
peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to
be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish
for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in
the evening after work was over, as though nothing had
happened. But she always made such excellent excuses,
and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to
believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey,
seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his
work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in
Jones’s time, never shirking and never volunteering for
extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he
would express no opinion. When asked whether he was
not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only
“Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a
dead donkey,” and the others had to be content with this
cryptic answer.
On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an
hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a
ceremony which was observed every week without fail.
First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in
the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones’s
and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This
was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every
Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained,
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Chapter III
to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof
and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals
which would arise when the human race had been finally
overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals
trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which
was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming
week was planned out and resolutions were put forward
and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the
resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote,
but could never think of any resolutions of their own.
Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the
debates. But it was noticed that these two were never
in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made,
the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when
it was resolved—a thing no one could object to in itself—
to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a
home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a
stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class
of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing
of Beasts of England, and the afternoon was given up to
recreation.
The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a head-
quarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they
studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other neces-
sary arts from books which they had brought out of the
farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising
the other animals into what he called Animal Committees.
He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Produc-
tion Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for
the cows, the Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee
(the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the
Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others,
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Chapter III
besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On
the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to
tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost
immediately. They continued to behave very much as
before, and when treated with generosity, simply took ad-
vantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee
and was very active in it for some days. She was seen
one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows
who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that
all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow
who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the
sparrows kept their distance.
The reading and writing classes, however, were a great
success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm
was literate in some degree.
As for the pigs, they could already read and write per-
fectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not
interested in reading anything except the Seven Com-
mandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat bet-
ter than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the
others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which
she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as
well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far
as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading.
Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words
together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He
would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof,
and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears
back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his
might to remember what came next and never succeeding.
On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but
by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that
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Chapter III
he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to
be content with the first four letters, and used to write
them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory.
Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt
her own name. She would form these very neatly out
of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a
flower or two and walk round them admiring them.
None of the other animals on the farm could get fur-
ther than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider
animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were un-
able to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After
much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Com-
mandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim,
namely: “Four legs good, two legs bad.” This, he said,
contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever
had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human
influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to
them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to
them that this was not so.
“A bird’s wing, comrades,” he said, “is an organ of
propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore
be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man
is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his
mischief.”
The birds did not understand Snowball’s long words,
but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler
animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart.
F
OUR LEGS GOOD
,
TWO LEGS BAD
, was inscribed on the
end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments
and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart,
the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and
often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
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Chapter III
“Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs
bad!” and keep it up for hours on end, never growing
tired of it.
Napoleon took no interest in Snowball’s committees.
He said that the education of the young was more impor-
tant than anything that could be done for those who were
already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell
had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth
between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they
were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their moth-
ers, saying that he would make himself responsible for
their education. He took them up into a loft which could
only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and
there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the
farm soon forgot their existence.
The mystery of where the milk went to was soon
cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs’ mash.
The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the
orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had as-
sumed as a matter of course that these would be shared
out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that
all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the
harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of
the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the
pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball
and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary
explanations to the others.
“Comrades!” he cried. “You do not imagine, I hope,
that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and
privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I
dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things
is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been
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Chapter III
proved by Science, comrades) contain substances abso-
lutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are
brainworkers. The whole management and organisation
of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watch-
ing over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink
that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would
happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come
back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades,”
cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to
side and whisking his tail, “surely there is no one among
you who wants to see Jones come back?”
Now if there was one thing that the animals were
completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones
back. When it was put to them in this light, they had
no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in
good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without
further argument that the milk and the windfall apples
(and also the main crop of apples when they ripened)
should be reserved for the pigs alone.
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