Energies
2022
,
15
, 7804
19 of 24
practices account for many years of successful operation and multiple disposal facilities
with a global estimate as shown in Table 8 [23].
Table 8.
Global estimate inventory for 2014 of radioactive waste disposed of.
Waste Class
Cumulative Disposal, m
3
VLLW
273,000
LLW
65,192,000
ILW
10,589,000
HLW
72,000
1
1
Disposal via deep injection of aqueous waste reported by the Russian Federation and temporary
disposal of solid HLW in Ukraine.
Many nuclear waste disposal facilities have been constructed and are being operated,
including trench disposal for VLLW, e.g., in France, Spain, and Sweden, or for LLW in
arid areas, e.g.,
in Argentina, India, Iran,
South Africa, and the US;
near-surface engi-
neered facilities for LLW, e.g., in China, the Czech Republic, France, India, Japan, Russia,
Slovakia, Spain, the UK, and Ukraine; sub-surface engineered facilities for low- and inter-
mediate-level waste (LILW), e.g., in Sweden and Finland; borehole disposal of LLW in the
US; and geological facilities of LILW, e.g., in Germany and the US [23]. Table 9 gives ex-
amples of disposal methods and disposal facilities.
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