Asean free Trade Area: Discriminatory or Not? A case Study for Vietnam and Singapore
Appendix 4-A: Per Capita GDP of ASEAN Countries, Current Prices (US$)
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- Appendix 4-B: PPP Per Capita GDP of ASEAN Countries (US$)
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Appendix 4-A: Per Capita GDP of ASEAN Countries, Current Prices (US$)
Source: World Economic Outlook Database, IMF (2006). Appendix 4-B: PPP Per Capita GDP of ASEAN Countries (US$)
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IMF Direction of Trade Statistics (DOT): CD-ROM Internet resources: ASEAN Secretariat: http://www.aseansec.org/ EIU: http://library.sogang.ac.kr/dlsearch/TGUI/Theme/theme1/main.asp Indo.com: http://www.indo.com/ ITC TradeMap: http://www.trademap.net/itc1/login.htm Market Access Map: http://www.macmap.org/ Vietnam’s Ministry of Trade: http://www1.mot.gov.vn/%5Cgioithieu.asp WEO - IMF: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/index.aspx ■ 국문초록
이 논문은 AFTA 가입이 무역의 흐름에 미치는 영향을 개도국인 베트남과 선진경제인 싱가포르를 중심으로 비교·분석하고 있다. 중력방정식을 이용하여 고정효과(fixed effect)와 임의효과(random effect) 모형을 국가별로 적용, 지난 16년간 1990-2005년간 베트남과 싱가포르의 주요 무역상대국 23개국을 대상으로 회귀분석을 한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 베트남과 싱가포르의 다자간 무역흐름을 살펴본 결과 AFTA 가입이 무역전환(trade diversion)을 초래한다는 증거를 보일 수 없었다. 둘째, 지역통합체의 가입에 따른 무역의 흐름은 시차적으로 보면 단기적으로 즉각 반응하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 기술혁신과 수송망의 발전으로 물류비용이 크게 감소하였지만 물리적 거리의 중요성을 여전히 관찰할 수 있었다. 넷째, 공통언어의 사용이나 식민지 관계 등 문화적 유사성이 무역의 흐름에 중요한 변수로 작용하는 것으로 드러났다. 다섯째, 무역상대국간의 1인당 GDP의 격차 확대가 무역의 흐름에 부정적으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 이 지역의 자유로운 무역의 흐름을 저해하는 요인에 대한 효과적인 대응방안으로는 사회적 인프라의 구축이나 내부개혁 등이 주요 정책 과제로 제시되었다. 핵심어: 아세안자유무역지대(AFTA), 중력모형, 무역전환, 현시비교우위, 산업내 무역, 베트남, 싱가포르 * Faculty of Economics, Thainguyen University, Vietnam, e-mail: nkdoanh@yahoo.com ** Professor, Graduate School of International Studies, Sogang University, Korea, e-mail: hury@sogang.ac.kr 1 Sharma and Chua (2000) used single gravity equation for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. 2 See Tinbergen (1962) and Linnenmann (1966) for their pioneering works. 3 Carrère (2006), Frankel (1993) and Okubo (2006) used the sum of exports and imports as the dependent variable 4 Psychic distance indicates the lack of familiarity with another country’s laws, institutions, and habits (See Drysdale and Garnaut, 1982). 5 Examples of time-invariant variables include distance, border, common language, ex-colonial relationship, etc. 6 We exclude the countries such as Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Brunei because the needed data on these economies are insufficient. 7 We choose these countries because they are the major trading partners of ASEAN. 8 In fact, Vietnam does not share common language with any other countries. 9 We will elaborate more on this in section 3.2. 10 Since the coefficient is not statistically significant, the result is only indicative and must be interpreted with caution. 11 The Trade Intensity Index (TII) is incorporated into this research in order to examine how strong the trade ties are among ASEAN countries over time, and to see whether major shifts have occurred. It is computed as follows:  Where Tij is the country (region) i’s total trade with country (region) j; Tiw is country i’s trade with the world; Tjw is the country (region) j’s total trade with the world; Tww is the world’s total trade. A value of TIIij greater than one implying that country j is more important for country i than it is for the world trade as a whole.
12 In this case, Vietnam and other ASEAN countries have relatively similar RCA profile. 13 GDP per capita for ASEAN countries is presented in Appendices 4-A and 4-B. 14 Vietnam joined AFTA in 1996. Thus the data on AFTA/CEPT roadmap is available from 1996. For a detailed explanation on the trade barriers in Vietnam, see Doanh and Heo (2007). 15 Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is used to determine whether ASEAN countries have relatively different or similar structure of trade (Blassa, 1965; Balassa, 1979; Balassa and Bowens, 1987; Son and Wilson, 1995; Kalirajan and Shand, 1998). It is computed as follows:  Where: RCAij is Revealed Comparative Advantage for commodity i of country j; Xij is the country j’s exports of commodity I; ΣXj is the country j’s total exports; Xiw is the world’s exports of commodity I; Xw is the world’s total exports. A value of more than unity implies that the country has a revealed comparative advantage in the product and vice versa.
16Intra-industry trade index (IIT) is included in the analysis in order to examine the degree of balanced trade and overlap between exports and imports (Grubel and Lloyd, 1975; Greenaway and Milner, 1984; Clark and Stanley, 1999; Brulhart, 2000; Ekanayake, 2001; Murshed, 2001 and Thorpe and Zhang, 2005) . It is computed as follows:  Where: Xijk is the country j’s exports of industry i to country k; Mijk is the country j’s imports of industry i from country k. The measure ranges between zero and one. The former indicates complete inter-industry trade, whereas the later represents complete intra-industry trade.
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