Azərbaycan Respublikası Elm və Təhsil Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Dövlət Mədəniyyət və İncəsənət Universitetinin nəzdində Humanitar Kollec
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Azərbaycan Respublikası Elm və Təhsil Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Dövlət Mədəniyyət və İncəsənət Universitetinin nəzdində Humanitar Kollec Group: MIAQ-022 Student: Jamila Shiraliyeva Teacher - Svetlana Shushayeva Course: 2 Specialization: Museum work and preservation of monuments Subject: English language Topic - National musical instruments of Azerbaijan Musical instruments, which are considered the national wealth of our people, stand out for their richness and diversity. Most of them were created in ancient times, have been improved and reached our time. Our ancestors used the 6,000-year-old "drum-playing stone" located near the Gobustan rock paintings as a percussion instrument. The engraving of various musical instruments on the objects discovered during archaeological excavations in the areas inhabited by Azerbaijanis shows that they have an ancient history. Samples of material culture, works of our classical poets, treatises of our medieval musicologists and miniatures drawn by our artists, wall paintings, diaries of travelers who visited our country, museum collections give us the reason to conclude that at one time about 90 musical instruments were used in Azerbaijan. According to their structure, musical instruments are divided into groups such as stringed, wind, percussion, and self-resonating instruments. According to this classification, 32 of the instruments common in Azerbaijan can be attributed to the group of string instruments (26 of them are played with a mizrab, 4 with a bow, and 2 with a stick), 23 with wind instruments, 16 with percussion instruments, and 17 with voiced instruments. According to the date of creation, musical instruments of Azerbaijan are divided into 4 parts: 1. Instruments that originated in ancient times and have survived to our modern times: tar, kamancha, tulum, pipe, saz, balaban, zurna, drum, tambourine, etc. 2. Tools that were created in ancient times and forgotten, and later restored: barbet, rud, chang, kos, spoon, bowl, etc. 3. Conventionally called "contemporary" instruments: Koshgar rubab, dutar, setar, tanbur, drum, circle, trumpet, musician, etc. Although the instruments belonging to this group were widely used in Azerbaijan over time, they later declined for certain reasons and became obsolete. However, in other areas, by different peoples of the world, such tools were developed and survived until modern times. "Modern" tools are not that hard to come by. With only minor changes, it is possible to prepare these tools in the form used in the territory of Azerbaijan. 4. Instruments invented by our contemporaries: sinaud, zulfar, dilruba, asa nej, neyvari, etc. Pipe. The pipe is considered the oldest wind instrument. Throughout history, people have made wind instruments from reeds, bones, wood, pottery, and metal. The pipe was once a woodwind instrument used mainly by shepherds. It is believed that the pipe was invented by shepherds, and they played it for the first time. Its pitch ranges from the "si" sound of the minor octave to the "do" sound of the third octave. Skilled performers can add multiple voices as well. In Azerbaijan, large and small types are used mainly as solo instruments in orchestras and ensembles. The tone of the voice is gentle and pleasant. There is information about this elegant musical instrument in the works of Khagani, Fuzuli, and Nizami. Gopuz. It is one of the oldest string instruments. In the past, it was the main musical instrument applied and used by Azerbaijani minstrels in the art of performance. The date of its creation is attributed to long before our era. During the excavations conducted by US archaeologists in 1960 at the foothills of Shushdaği in South Azerbaijan, the ancient human settlement of Cigamish, BC. Rare cultural samples attributed to the 6th millennium were discovered. The most interesting of these finds is a pottery depicting a musical assembly consisting of a minstrel holding a club on his chest and several other musicians. Gopuz was known in the vast geographical areas inhabited by Turkic peoples. Two types of gopuz were more widely used. 1. The type of two-stringed gopuz, known as "Gil gopuz" or "diliq" and played with a bow, is widespread among the peoples of Central Asia, especially in Kazakhstan, and is currently in use. 2. The three-stringed "golcha gopuz", considered the predecessor of the modern ashiq saz, is the oldest stringed musical instrument used by Azerbaijani Turks. Golcha gopuz, mentioned in "Kitabi Deda Gorgud" epics, is presented under several names. The "built-up gopuz" and "cherry gopuz" named in the book reveal different aspects of the same instrument, not separate instruments. little. Saz is a string instrument played with a mizrab. It is an integral part of the art of ashik and saz-soz, which is the successor of the art of the great poet. Saz is also one of the symbols of the Turkish world and Turkish spirituality. The word "Saz" has two meanings in Persian: 1. arrangement, machine, 2. instrument, musical instrument. In the Middle Ages, the word "saz" was generally used in the sense of "musical instrument". This meaning of the word has remained in the Turkish language of Turkey until now. Just as the art of Ozan underwent a great evolution over centuries and millennia and became the art of Ashiq, the gopuz also underwent a similar evolution and took the form of a saz instrument. Saz already took its current form during the reign of Shah Ismail Khatai (16th century). Azerbaijani saz stands out among the saz and similar instruments common among Turkic- speaking peoples due to its undeniable advantages in terms of playing technique and sound transmission (acoustics). Tar. It is a widely used stringed musical instrument in Azerbaijan. In Persian "tar" means string. Tar was made for the first time in a village called Farab in the city of Carco in the 10th century by Tarkhan's son Muhammad from the Turkestan Turks. In the second half of the 19th century, changes were made in the structure and form of the tar by the Azerbaijani artist Mirza Sadığ (Sadigjan). He also made changes in the way of holding the tar and raised the tar from the knees to the chest. Azerbaijan tar, which he improved, is widespread in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Tar mainly consists of three parts - the pelvis, the arms and the skull, where the ribs are located. Modernization of tar had a great role in the development of mughams. In this regard, the tar not only remained an accompanying instrument, but also became a solo performing instrument. Drum. The drum is a folk musical instrument belonging to Azerbaijan. The drum is in the shape of a cylinder, and consists of a wide spout. There are different types of drum: big drum, small (jura) drum, arm drum, etc. At present, the role of the arm drum, which is played as a leading instrument in ensembles and orchestras, is great. Nagara is an Arabic word that means "to beat", "to knock". The instrument is played with both hands and fingers. In some folklore examples, it is also played with two light sticks. It is possible to get different timbre shades in the drum, which has very strong sound dynamics. Trumpet. These musical instruments have a history of at least 3 millennia. It is believed that zurna comes from the word "trumpet", sur "big feast", nay "crow", "reed". We also find the name of zurna (sur), which is considered a wind musical instrument that flatters the soul and taste of the Azerbaijani people, in the epics "Kitabi-Dada-Gorgud". There is also information about Zurna in "Koroglu", which is considered the heroic epic of the Azerbaijani people. The zurna-sur instrument is also mentioned in the works of the Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century. The trumpet, which is usually made of quince, pear, walnut and apricot trees, has 7 holes on the top and one hole on the bottom. The head side of the 28-30 cm long trumpet is narrow, and the diameter of the end is relatively large. A shaft is passed to the end of the trumpet. A round collar made of bone is attached to the shaft. Sometimes master trumpeters decorate their trumpets with patterns to make them look even more beautiful. Balaban. It is an ancient folk musical instrument of Azerbaijan. Popularly known as balaban or "flat balaban". The balaban, with its soft and melancholic sound, is used as an ensemble, orchestra and solo instrument to accompany a group of wind instruments, including a band of lovers. The meaning of the word "Balaban" is related to the words "bala" (small) and "ban" (sound timbre similar to the ban of a rooster) and means "small ban" (first, early ban). Sounds that create a sad color are obtained by prolonging the breath on the instrument. The characteristic of balaba is that it is possible to play on one note for a long time by passing the breath from mouth to nose and from nose to mouth without interruption. Playing with these technical capabilities is very difficult for young and inexperienced students, but it becomes possible after a certain time and experience. The pipe, as well as none of the European wind instruments (clarinet, gabo), does not have a loop feature. Only zurna and balaban have circulation. People's artist of Azerbaijan, kaboi player Kamil Jalilov stands out from other kaboi players, that is, he plays the instrument with a cycle from the mouth to the nose and back. Kamancha. The word "kaman" means "bow, bow" in Persian, and -cha is a diminutive suffix. The instrument passed to the Persians from the Turks. The Turkish equivalent of the word is "gişek". It is assumed that the one- and two- stringed kamancha were once formed from the spring bow. Currently, a four- string bow is used. Various types of Kamancha are common among the peoples of East and Central Asia under other names. In the last century, the existence of three-string, four-string and even five-string kamancha is known. Kamancha is depicted in the painting "Musical Assembly" by Mir Seyid Ali, a representative of the 16th century Tabriz school of painting, as well as in Nizami Ganjavi's "Khosrov and Shirin". The high development of Kamancha performance in Azerbaijan is related to the development of the art of singing in the second half of the 19th century. Classification of Azerbaijani folk musical instruments When determining the types of musical instruments that existed in Azerbaijan, verses from classical poetry are also a very valuable source. In the poems and ghazals of Nizami, Fuzuli, Nasimi, Khagani, the names of folk musical instruments are mentioned, and their images are given in the works of miniature school artists. In later times, some of them gradually disappeared, while others improved and became more widespread. According to the date of creation, musical instruments of Azerbaijan are divided into 4 parts: Instruments that originated in ancient times and have survived to our modern times: tar, kamancha, tulum, pipe, saz, balaban, trumpet, drum, tambourine, etc.Tools that were created in ancient times and forgotten and later restored: barbet, rud, chang, kos, spoon, bowl, etc. Conventionally called "contemporary" instruments: Koshgar rubab, dutar, setar, tanbur, drum, circle, trumpet, musician, etc. Although the tools belonging to this group were widely used in Azerbaijan over time, they declined and became obsolete for certain reasons, but such tools were developed in other areas, by different peoples of the world, and have survived until the modern era. "Modern" tools are not that hard to come by. With only minor changes, it is possible to prepare these tools in the form used in the territory of Azerbaijan. Instruments invented by our contemporaries: sinaud, zulfar, dilruba, asa nej, neyvari, etc. According to their structure, the following are the folk instruments currently used in orchestras, various ensembles and solo performances in Azerbaijan: Strings - tar, saz, kamancha, qanun, oud, tanbur, albuta, korbuta, janbuta, jangor;Those played with the breath - balaban, tutek, zurna, ney, tulum; Leather instruments (percussion instruments) - drum, tambourine, koshanagara, dumbek;Vowels - shakshak, kaman and laggutu. The roots of percussion instruments in Azerbaijan go back to very ancient, primitive times. During these times, people created rhythms with certain means. One of such tools was the method of foot-stomping, during which they laid dry wood on the dug well, covered it with various animal skins and beat it with their feet to get various rhythms. This is probably how the first percussion instruments originated.[3] Even now, the name of one of the bullying games is called "Ayakdoyme". In Gobustan, one of the oldest human settlements in Azerbaijan, in the foothills of Cingirdag, there is a large piece of rock called "Gaval Stone" along with rock paintings dating back ten to twelve thousand years. When you beat this rock with your hand, foot or any other object, sounds corresponding to the timbre of the gaval are obtained. It is believed that this piece of rock was used as a percussion instrument by our great ancestors, so it has come down to our days under the name of "Gaval stone". Gaval stone retains its qualities typical of percussion instruments even today. Various types of percussion instruments have historically been very widespread in the territory of Azerbaijan and played a unique role in the cultural life of our people. One of the characteristic features of our instrumental science is its abundance of percussion instruments.Currently, many percussion instruments, which play a major role in the development of our musical art, are widely used. These tools are mainly divided into 3 types: Membrane. The group includes drums, kos, double drums, tambourines, drumsticks and other such percussion instruments. Idiophone. It includes bowls and earthenware, different types of lagguts, shakshaks, bells, gumrovs, etc. can be attributed. Idiomembranous. Drums and tambourines belong to this type of percussion instruments.The drum is the most common among the membrane percussion instruments. There are a number of types of drums, which are considered to be the leading musical instruments of our people's customs and traditions, wedding and holiday celebrations. Differentiated by their size, these types are called big drum, gurah drum, chiling drum, armpit drum, and hand drum. This tool is mainly available in two configurations: single-faced and double-faced. Double drum, drummer, tambourine, tambourine, tambourine, big drum (kos drum), double drum and arm drum belong to two faces. Among the drums, the most common are considered to be the arm drum and the double drum. Many of the rich and diverse types of percussion instruments: tabil bass, danbal, mazhar, tabil, gumrov, zil, duhul, bell, zingirov, bow, synth, drum, nagus, khalkhal, nagara and others have played an exceptional role in the history of the development of our musical culture. but this has not reached our days.[4] Musical instruments existed in the territory of Azerbaijan in the most ancient times. A drum stone in Gobustan, a musical instrument similar to a balaban found in Mingachevir confirms this idea. The people of Azerbaijan have created various types of musical instruments with a rich musical culture since ancient times. The oldest of the Azerbaijani folk musical instruments is considered to be the "drum-playing stone" in Gobustan. The specific information of musical instruments is concentrated in the works of Azerbaijani classics, Azerbaijani literature, folk tales, as well as in the works of musicologists. In the Middle Ages, stringed instruments were widespread in Azerbaijan. The "Kitabi-Dada-Gorgud" epic also contains information about musical instruments - the names of such instruments as gopuz, zurna, and drum are mentioned here. Since the Middle Ages, musical instruments such as kamancha, gopuz, rubab, jeng, santur, qanun, trumpet, arjanum (wind), tambourine, drum, tambourine, dumbak (percussion) have been widely used in Azerbaijan. There are many legends about the origin of string instruments in written sources. According to legend, the guts of an animal torn apart by an eagle get tangled in the branches of a tree. Later, the gut, which is dried and stretched, vibrates as the wind blows and makes different musical sounds. Hearing these sounds, ancient people invented the first stringed instruments. There is some truth in this legend. Indeed, historically, the body, arm, and head of stringed instruments were made of various types of wood, and the strings and strings attached to the arm were made of animal gut in certain ways. Numerous stringed musical instruments, which have been of irreplaceable historical importance in the development of Azerbaijani musical culture, have been formed from time to time, have had their influence on the creation of modern musical instruments and have survived to this day. Stringed musical instruments are divided into four groups according to the style of playing: ➢ Those played with mizrab: tar, saz, oud, qanun, barbet, rud, rubab, gopuz, pefur. ➢ Those played with a bow are kamancha, chagana. ➢ Finger-played cymbals, Shirvan tanburu. ➢ Those played with percussion are dulcimers. Restoration of ancient instruments The science of music gives very important information about the culture of ancient instrumental science. In the works of medieval music theorists, information has been collected that creates a general idea about the structure, sound arrangement, number of strings, range and other features of this or that musical instrument. In this respect, the treatises of Safiaddin Urmavi (XIII century) and Abdulgadir Maraghain (XIV-XV centuries), who played a key role in the development of medieval music science, provide the most valuable and extensive information for instrumental science. Information about the musical instruments that existed in Azerbaijan in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries can be obtained from the travel notes and memories of Adam Oleary, Engelbert Kempfer, Alexander Duman, Evliya Chalabi and others. The works of the well-known Russian artist G. Gagarin, who depicted Shirvan musical gatherings while he was in Azerbaijan in the 19th century, create a vivid image in this field. The research laboratory "Restoration and improvement of ancient musical instruments" established under the Baku Academy of Music has been operating since 1991. Here, the history of ancient musical instruments is studied and studied, the dimensions of the instruments, the type of material, the technology of making and installation are investigated. Based on the collected materials, musical instruments are restored and played. The results of research conducted on museum exhibits were also important in the restoration of ancient tools. In this sense, the services of the scientific staff of the laboratory should be specially mentioned. As a result of the conducted research, musical instruments used in the Middle Ages, which were gradually forgotten and did not come down to our time, chang, barbet, chagana, pedur, santur, tanbur, rubab, rud, gopuz, ney musical instruments were scientifically examined, re-installed and fully restored in laboratory conditions. Improvement works were also carried out on the restored musical instruments. So, in order to strengthen the sound timbre and expand the sound range, some changes were made in the structure of the instruments and the types of strings. For example, the silk and gut used to make the strings were later replaced by metal and kapron, which made the sound stronger. It is said that tar was sung in Azerbaijan during the middle ages when art and culture were developing. The name of this musical instrument was found in the works of Nizami Ganjavi. Fuzuli raises the third glass with tar in "Haft-cam". It is inspired by tar song. Mirza Sadiq Asad oglu, who was born in Shusha, which sleeps in the heart of the legendary mountains, in the middle of the 19th century, after losing his voice, transferred the strings of his heart to the tar, and brought innovation to the structure of the tar for the first time in the Eastern world. His innovation on the tar was recognized as a fresh and noble contribution to the world of music in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and elsewhere. Sadığcan brought out the five-stringed tar on the chest for the first time. Modernization of tar has played a big role in the development of mughams. In this regard, the tar not only remained an accompanying instrument, but also became a solo performing instrument. The pipe, included in the group of wind instruments, was created after the ney wind instrument. This national wind musical instrument, which was used only by shepherds, and later by amateur musicians, was used by hundreds of professional musicians and has touched the hearts of the audience. The pipe, the oldest national wind musical instrument, which has undergone a great development from simple to complex, has been made of reed, bone, wood, pottery and metal in different periods of history. The preparation of the pipe musical instrument by shepherds allows us to say that this musical instrument was invented in Azerbaijan when the local population was engaged in cattle breeding - 10-12 thousand years ago. After the first pipe, which was just a pipe without finger holes, people started making pipes from animal bones and teeth. Due to the development of pottery, pipes were made of fired clay. When the performers faced the need to overcome the difficulties of playing this national wind musical instrument, they opened a hole in the pipe, looking for new ways to obtain sounds of different heights in the pipe. Experienced musicians have obtained chromatic sounds by partially closing the holes. Achieving this voice required special preparation and talent. The pipe, a wind musical instrument that has thrilled the hearts of people for thousands of years, has a wide range of technical possibilities. Diatonyl scales can be played on this instrument at a fairly fast tempo. Tulum, which is less known than other wind musical instruments, consists of two parts - tulug and the wood and trumpet attached to it. Usually, the jacket, made of tanned skin of small animals, is closed except for the two sleeves so that the air does not escape. Air is blown into the jacket through a bone tube attached to one of the arms and the mouth is blocked. A musical instrument is placed on the other arm. The bellows, located under the player's armpit, is gradually compressed, and the air coming out of the pipe of the musical instrument is played with the fingers. The playability of the instrument, as well as the range of sounds, is adjusted by tightening the case. The jumpsuit is placed in a bag that is approximately the same size as you. Tulum is difficult to play compared to other wind instruments. Here, the connection between the tulug and the musical instruments placed on it requires great skill from the performer. Despite this, the tulum also has an advantage. After filling the bag with air, it can be played for a while. It is precisely because of these advantages that the need to create such a tool has arisen. Shepherds made and played this instrument for the first time. Tulum musical instrument appeared in the early days of class society. Tulum is widespread in Karabakh and Gazakh regions of Azerbaijan, as well as in Shahbuz, Babek and Sharur regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. In several children's music schools operating in the autonomous republic, tulum musical instrument is taught to young performers. These musical instruments have a history of at least 3 millennia. We also find the name of zurna (sur), which is considered a wind musical instrument that flatters the soul and taste of the Azerbaijani people, in the epics "Kitabi-Dada- Gorgud". There is also information about Zurna in "Koroglu", which is considered the heroic epic of the Azerbaijani people. The zurna-sur instrument is also mentioned in the works of the Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century. It is clear from ethnographic observations that it is impossible to imagine the traditional weddings of the Azerbaijani people without trumpets. From time to time, the trumpet, a wind instrument made of various materials, was later made and improved, mainly from mulberry, walnut and apricot trees. The national wind instrument, which has a loud and strong sound, is also called "black trumpet" among the people. Perhaps the word "black" is related to the fact that in the past the trumpet was made of black bald head and bull horn. The trumpet, which is usually made of quince, pear, walnut and apricot trees, has 7 holes on the top and one hole on the bottom. The head side of the 28-30 cm long trumpet is narrow, and the diameter of the end is relatively large. A shaft is passed to the end of the trumpet. A round collar made of bone is attached to the shaft. Sometimes master trumpeters decorate their trumpets with patterns to make them look even more beautiful. As in the olden days, in Ordubad, Julfa, Sharur, Shahbuz, Babek, Kangarli, Sadarak regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and in the surrounding villages and towns, wedding celebrations do not pass without trumpets, a group of three trumpeters excites people's hearts and arouses noble emotions in listeners. A wind musical instrument made mainly of mulberry wood with one hole in the back and eight holes on it is popularly known as balaban or "Flat" balaban. A double flat reed mouthpiece is placed at the end, and a stretcher is placed in the middle. Moving the carriage changes the root of the instrument. Balaban, which is often played together with the black trumpet and reed, takes the lead of the melody played by those instruments. Balaban is a wind instrument played with a drum or a double drum without a trumpet. The sound of balaba, the national wind musical instrument of the Azerbaijani people, still comes from weddings-caves, orchestras and ensembles of folk instruments. It differs from tambourine, tambourine and circular percussion instruments almost exclusively by its relatively large size. It stands out from others with its elegant appearance and rings that are fastened from the inside. It is concluded that this percussion instrument is an improved form of tambourine and circle. The playful sound of the tambourine floats in waves and caresses the hearts and gives wings to dreams. As is known, the gaval, which is mainly used by singers, has a circular structure and resembles a kind of halbir. Usually made of oak, apricot and other solid wood, a round wooden bulb is covered with thin skin on one side, and metal bells are attached on the inside. Like any other percussion instrument, the tambourine is usually warmed up a bit when played so that the skin is taut and sounds good. One of the ancient musical instruments of the Azerbaijani people is the drum. We also find his name in "Kitabi-Dada-Gorgud". "Drums were beaten loudly, golden pipes were played." This fact alone is important in determining the history of the drum. The word "drum" is often used in the works of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century: What's the breath moaning The drum claps, its voice rises. Research shows that the history of the drum in Azerbaijan should be sought in earlier times, in the period of the first-class society. Drums were first made by putting leather over the mouths of earthenware vessels. About 3 thousand years ago, the art of pottery became widespread. So, there is no doubt that the drum can develop from that period. Later, drums of various sizes were mainly made of wood. The skin is drawn on both sides of it, and the rope that is twisted around the drummer's body passes through metal rings. These strings are usually pulled a bit tighter to get a louder sound. To play the drum, a strap or string attached to it is passed over the arm. The drum is usually played with two special sticks. Playing it by hand is one of the characteristic cases. The curved-headed stick in the right hand is more pointed and is carried by a strap to the wrist, while the strap of the straight stick in the left hand is carried to the finger. Ancient Azerbaijani national musical instruments differ in their own characteristics. National musical instruments, which instill love for our national values and the spirit of Azerbaijanism in the consciousness of our people with their various performances, occupy a special place in our national musical culture. According to the researchers, material monuments found as a result of archaeological excavations in Azerbaijan, which is an ancient settlement, as well as rock paintings in Gamigaya (Nakhchivan) and Gobustan, indicate the ancient culture of our people. Along with primitive labor tools, ancient people made a number of musical instruments and satisfied their material and spiritual needs. Later, some tools were developed from simple to complex, passed from century to century and came to our time. Some of them have been lost and forgotten in the stormy roads of history. Many of such tools have been restored and used again by our contemporaries. As noted by Abbasgulu Najafzadeh, Azerbaijani musical instruments are divided into several groups: 1) idiophonic (that is, self-voiced); 2) aerophone (breath); 3) chordophone (string); 4) memranophone (percussion) instruments. Our musical instruments are divided into two parts in terms of performance: professional and non-professional instruments. Professional instruments - creatively exemplary, academic sounding and wide ranging. On such instruments, it is possible to perform not only classical mughams, songs, dances, but also large-scale works of world composers. Most professional instruments are taught in higher education institutions. Non-professional instruments tend to have a small range and non-academic sound. That is, since such tools are primitive, they are not considered creatively exemplary. We rarely see non-professional instruments on big stages. The national musical instruments of Azerbaijan include: tar, bow, oud, jang, pegyur, gaval, drum, gopuz, goshanagara, goshaney, goshazarb, tutak, mughni, nagara, neikamancha, rud, ruhafza, shahrud, shakhanfir, sheshtai, trumpet, tabil , saz etc. In the musical culture of Azerbaijan, not only national, but also European musical instruments are used. Genius Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, being the father of professional Azerbaijani music, always looked ahead and did not remain closed to national limitations, no matter how attached he was to our national music. U. Hajibeyov, who spoke lovingly of the progressive culture of all nations, was also connected with the rich culture and art of Europe. He was a supporter of an art that is national and has a universal essence due to its nationality. The composer wrote: "As a result of the progress that has been going on for centuries, great musical geniuses have grown up in different countries and they have left immortal works that a nation that claims to be cultured cannot remain ignorant of and benefit from these works. Because the service of these works to humanity is so great. To benefit from these works and in order to understand them, one needs an instrument-music school such as piano, violin, flute, etc." Uzeyir Hajibeyov urged us to be aware of all musical instruments and types. He said: "We must participate in every part of culture... if we learn the general art of music, we will do a great service to the progress of our own national music. If not, we will freeze at one point. Notation, European musical instruments and musical forms are our centuries. It will raise our rich, harmonious music to a new stage and greatly expand its opportunities to spread around the world". The genius composer specifically noted the need to create a new school in our vocal art and advised to apply European "tidy" in this area. The truth of this opinion of the composer was soon proven by the experience of development in our life and music. It is known that Bulbul and Shavkat Mammadova shone as great innovators in our performing arts after taking vocal lessons with "European elegance". Uzeyir Hajibeyov would always highly appreciate their efforts and craftsmanship. He noted that the reason for Bulbul's charming singing skills "besides his knowledge of Azerbaijani national airs and mughams, is due to his European education." Uzeyir Hajibeyov often mentioned the importance of interaction and influence of the cultures of the world's nations, including musical creativity. He loved composers who were nourished by the spirit of the people in their work and who created beautiful examples of folk art. He always urged to study Glinka, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, Verdi in depth. Uzeyir Hajibeyov considered these classics his teachers. Fikret Amirov specially mentioned the talented performers of musical instruments: "From among the talented young generation, I would like conductor Rauf Abdullayev, Kazim Aliverdibayov, pianist Farhad Badalbaylov, Arzu Alasgarov, violinist Sarvar Ganiyev, cellist Rasim Abdullayev, composer Adalati with a good voice Zeynab Khanlarova, kamancha player Shafiga Eyvazova, kamancha player Abel I would especially like to mention Aliyev, guitarist Ramish, kaboi player Kamil Jalilov. When determining the types of musical instruments that existed in Azerbaijan, verses from classical poetry are also a very valuable source. It is clear that the poets were not satisfied only with the names of the musical instruments. When interpreting the inner world and desires of their heroes, as well as describing solemn meetings, luxurious receptions and battle scenes, they very skillfully showed the appearance, structure and sound characteristics of this or that musical instrument. In this respect, compared to other sources, the superiority of miniature painting samples of Azerbaijani artists is unquestionable. On the pages of ancient manuscripts there are numerous miniatures depicting scenes of musical life. On the basis of these miniatures, it is possible to give a concrete idea about the appearance of ancient musical instruments, their structural features (for example, body, deck, arm, number of strings and frets), playing style, composition of instrumental ensembles. Museum exhibits of musical instruments can be considered the most accurate source for conducting research in various directions as a visual object. The analysis and summarization of the indicated sources made it possible to clarify the history of the development of musical instruments of Azerbaijan within the following chronological limits: 1) the period of antiquity, antiquity and the Middle Ages; 2) a new era. Care is taken at the state level in the development of national musical instruments, which are the main indicators of our national musical culture, which play a special role in inculcating the ideas of Azerbaijanism, and the country's first lady Mehriban Aliyeva also plays a special role in this field as the chairman of the "Friends of Azerbaijan Culture" society. Tulum is difficult to play compared to other wind instruments. Here, the connection between the tulug and the musical instruments placed on it requires great skill from the performer. Despite this, the tulum also has an advantage. After filling the bag with air, it can be played for a while. It is precisely because of these advantages that the need to create such a tool has arisen. Shepherds made and played this instrument for the first time. Tulum musical instrument appeared in the early days of class society. Tulum is widespread in Karabakh and Gazakh regions of Azerbaijan, as well as in Shahbuz, Babek and Sharur regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. In several children's music schools operating in the autonomous republic, tulum musical instrument is taught to young performers. These musical instruments have a history of at least 3 millennia. We also find the name of zurna (sur), which is considered a wind musical instrument that flatters the soul and taste of the Azerbaijani people, in the epics "Kitabi-Dada- Gorgud". There is also information about Zurna in "Koroglu", which is considered the heroic epic of the Azerbaijani people. The zurna-sur instrument is also mentioned in the works of the Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century. The pipe, included in the group of wind instruments, was created after the ney wind instrument. This national wind musical instrument, which was used only by shepherds, and later by amateur musicians, was used by hundreds of professional musicians and has touched the hearts of the audience. The pipe, the oldest national wind musical instrument, which has undergone a great development from simple to complex, has been made of reed, bone, wood, pottery and metal in different periods of history. The preparation of the pipe musical instrument by shepherds allows us to say that this musical instrument was invented in Azerbaijan when the local population was engaged in cattle breeding - 10-12 thousand years ago. After the first pipe, which was just a pipe without finger holes, people started making pipes from animal bones and teeth. Due to the development of pottery, pipes were made of fired clay. When the performers faced the need to overcome the difficulties of playing this national wind musical instrument, they opened a hole in the pipe, looking for new ways to obtain sounds of different heights in the pipe. Experienced musicians have obtained chromatic sounds by partially closing the holes. Achieving this voice required special preparation and talent. Source ➢ https://portal.azertag.az/az/node/6038 ➢ https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_musiqi_al%C9%99tl%C 9%99ri ➢ http://imp.nakhchivan.az/index.php/pages/milli-musiqi-al-tl-ri ➢ https://www.ens.az/az/azerbaycan-musiqi-aletleri Yüklə 200,38 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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