SUMMARY
Azerbaijan, with territory, size and population, has occupied during the past
centinues to occupy, the foremost position in all of the Caucasus. On this land of
plenty, imbued with myths, our people developed, and tnricoed themselves with the
cascading heights of their centurits-old shiritual culture.
The spiritual culture, as the material culture, is the component parts of the
ethnographic studies. The multifaceted culture of our people, with its roots spread
thosands of years in history, and distinguished by its bright content and inner wealth,
has attracted the justified of various nations. The Azerbaijani culture has made
vultiple contributions to the treasures of the world culture, and occupies an admirable
plact not only in the East, but also in the whole world.
The third volume of Azerbaijan Ethnography, which is the result of demang
and solid work, is printed for the first time. The volume us singled out by a variety of
approaches, issues their significance. The mayor aspect of the present volume is the
presentation of the rich ethnographic field materials and ethnographic research results.
To investigate the issuts, this book relies on unilization of numerous valuable sjurces,
including notes of foreing and native travelers, recent achievements archaeological
and historical sciences, archival materials, vuseuv collections, studies of literature,
folflore, music, applied arts, architecture, and other data abd analysis published in
scientific pwriodicals.
One of the main component parts of the spiritual culture of Azerbaijan is the
people's holidays. Among of these holidays "Novruz Bayrami" (The Spring Holiday),
is distinguished from other holidays by its colorful and public character and
substantial and deep mefnings. Based on this features, "Novruz Bayrami" occupies
more pages in this volume. Other holidays, such as the "Gurban Bayrami" (The
Sacrifice Holiday), and "Orudjluq Bayrami" (The End of Fasting Holiday), are also
discussed.
It is significant to in spheres of the Azeri people's life, different forms of the
mutual aid have been widespread. These forms of mutual aid promote the unity
solidarity of the people and their support for each other. The various forms of the
mutual aid, wich are practiced everywhere - in economy, in the placts of residence fnd
neighborhoods, in the different fields of the crafts, in dwelling, building, and in the
family - , are very interesting to study from the ethnographic point of view and are
represented in this volume.
Our people are famed for their endless love for, attachmrnt to the homeland,
their respect for each otter their noble care of their family.
Among features common to different groups of the humankind, the institutions
pertainibg to the elderly men ("aksakkals") and the elderly women ("akbircheks")
have special significance and meaning. These institutions been functioning from the
477
time of the primitive communal formation up to the present. The reason of such a
"longevity" contains in their functioning as schools for educations and instruction. The
institutions of enculturation and socialization are discussed in this volume.
Open-hearted, down-to-earth sincere Azerbaijani people are famous for their
hospitality. This national custom expresses respect and homage to the guest in all its
aspects. The early forms of the Azeri hospitality and its development periods are
widely covered in this book.
In the book also extensively deals with the famous musicians, hit singers,
brilliant composers, people's "ashugs" - tutofs, which composed and performed their
own songs in an improvisatory manner, rnigmatic and medical "mughams" s (the
classical music of Azerbaijan), and other king of the folk art. In this volume
information on the people's dances, skilled dancers, as wrll as data on variors wind,
string, and percussion musical unstruments and methods of their creation are
presented. This book's special consideration of the rich musical world of our people is
totally natural because music is an important in the life of each nation, and reflects its
character. Music inculcates in people what is common to all humokind, and calls upon
to honesty, propemess love, loftiness, purity and infallibility.
Azerbaijan people are famous for their outstanding musicians and poets:
Nizami, Nasimi, Fuzuli, Molla Panah Vagif, Ashug Alesker, Samed Vurgun,
Shahriyar, Uzeir Hajibekov, Gara Garaev, Fikret Amirov, and many others. Such an
interweaving and inseparability of poetry and music in their creations is
predetermined by the melodiousness, rhythm and harmonic qualities of our language.
Upbringing the child by the nation starts with the lullaby and breast milk, and
then gradually cultural knowledge is passed on from generation to the next generation.
Upbringing is the process of forming of the each individual purposefully. Education is
concerned with providing priority and direction in human life, and is utilized for the
development of the individual's personalty for the interest of society and the state, and
therefore has a strategic significance. The process of acquiring systetized knowledge,
abilities, and skills, i.e. education, is the result of correctly conducting the
upbringining process. Education has a national basis, but it also includes alle the
humanity's universal valies and has a secular character.
Science, as one of the forms of cognition, offers a system of knowledge that is
necessary for the development of thought and the study the nature of the society.
Scientific edication forms human beings' scientific world view, and helps the
upbringining of a comprehensively sophisticated and deliberate personality. In this
volume there is laconic data on education and science in Azerbaijan.
One of the leading directions of our spiritual culture is the centuries-old
Azerbaijani literature. This volume briefly considers the formation and periods of the
development the Azerbaijani literature, as well as creative work of its outstanding
representatives. At the same time, a considerable place is given to the folklore. This is
not accidental. Folklore presents the background for the development of the literature
478
of many nations over the world.
Azeri people, as it was mentioned in the first volume, during their entire
history held rich farming stsndards, and were characterized by original economic
traditions. This is empirically confirmed by the existence of the agricultural calendar
and people's meteorology. The ancient Azeri calendar started from the end of the
winter (beginning of the spring), which astronomically concurred with the day of the
vernal equinox and and that means arrival of the New Year "Novruz".
In the spiritual of the people of Azerbaijan medicine occupies a special place.
During the past times, when scientific medicine hadn't reached the modern level of
development, the people's healers treated different diseases by relying on empirikal
methods, and with time they accumulated their rich experience in the field of the
traditional people's medicine. These healers were variously called "tebib" (physician),
"loghman" (medicine man), "sinighchi" (bone-setter), and etc. In order to treat
thepatients, they prepared the medications extracted from the wild flora and other
plant products with useful properties grown on the territory of our country. With the
purpose of treating the various diseases, these healers widely use different medicines,
including those of animal and mineral origin. This volume also includes of people's
healers and their ways.
In this volume great emphasis is placed on the religious views of Azerbaijan
people. Alongside the ancient religions and beliefs, a brief history of Christianity and
Islam and their role in the spiritual of the people is also presented here.
For the first time units of weights and measurement that people used un their
everyday life are thoroughly and fully described from an ethnographical point of view
in this volume.
Games and recreational activities are unteresting components the rich and
multi-faceted spisritual culture of Azerbaijan. Detailed information on people's games
ahd plays that have existed from their genesis is investigated. For the first time in
ethnographical literature these games and plays are scientifically classified. On the
base of the new ethnographical materials brought to light, the role of the people's
plays and games in their private lives are also identified.
In last centuries, when in connection with development of civilizations and
scientific-techrical progress, the spiritual culture acts as the basic parameter of ethnic
accessories and XIX century become re century of struggle of civilizations, studying
spiritual culture of Azerbaijan people gets special waives.
Thefore to propagandize it and to take it to the future generations was the basic
purpose the third volume of "Ethnograph of Azerbaijan".
|