5-theme: Contrasting the Lexical systems of the Languages

Prefixation. Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used : prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. un- (unhappy). Prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overhead) ( cf over the table ). The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. But the recent research showed that about twenty-five prefixes in Modern English form one part of speech from another(bebutton, interfamily, postcollege etc).
Prefixes are not peculiar for Turkic languages? Particularly for the Uzbek language. Those prefixes which are used in Uzbek are mainly borrowings from Persian language. E.g.: но-умид, сер-сув, ба-давлат,etc
Word composition. Composition is the way of word building when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word. The structural unity of a compound word depends upon:
a) the unity of stress,
b) solid or hyphonated spelling,
c) semantic unity,
d) unity of morphological and syntactical functioning.
These are characteristic features of compound words in all languages. For English compounds some of these factors are not very reliable. As a rule English compounds have one uniting stress (usually on the first component), e.g. hard-cover, best-seller. We can also have a double stress in an English compound, with the main stress on the first component and with a secondary stress on the second component, e.g. blood-vessel. The third pattern of stresses is two level stresses, e.g. snow- white, sky-blue. The third pattern is easily mixed up with word-groups unless they have solid or hyphonated spelling. In Uzbek compound words usually have stress on the second component.
Compound words in the contrasted languages can be formed not only by means of composition but also by means of:
a) reduplication, e.g. too-too,чой-пой, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe, ғули-ғули, мишмишчи, etc.
b) conversion from word-groups, e.g. to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,
c) back formation from compound nouns or word-groups, e.g. to bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint,қўшқўлламоқ,хайбаракаллачи, etc , d) analogy, e.g. lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in, brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.