5-theme: Contrasting the Lexical systems of the Languages

5-theme: Contrasting the Lexical systems of the Languages

1. 
   Contrasting the word-stock of the contrasted languages.
   
2. 
   Contrasting the Word-building systems.
   

3. Contrasting the phraseological systems.
According to the classical classification of the word-stock of any language may be divided into native and borrowed words. The same can be said about the contrasted languages -English and Uzbek.
Borrowed words from other languages are characteristic of English and Uzbek throughout their history More than two thirds of the English and Uzbek vocabulary are borrowings. In English mostly they are words of Romanic origin (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish). In Uzbek the borrowed words are of Arabic, Persian and Russian words. Borrowed words are different from native ones by their phonetic structure, by their morphological structure and also by their grammatical forms. It is also characteristic of borrowings to be non- motivated semantically. English history is very rich in different types of contacts with other countries, that is why it is very rich in borrowings. The Roman invasion, the adoption of Christianity, Scandinavian and Norman conquests of the British Isles, the development of British colonialism and trade and cultural relations served to increase immensely the English vocabulary. The Arabic invasion of Central Asia in the YIIIth century, and introduction of Islam, trade and cultural relations with Persian speaking countries and the Russian colonialism were the main sources of borrowed words in Uzbek. The majority of these borrowings are fully assimilated in English and in Uzbek in their pronunciation, grammar, spelling and can be hardly distinguished from native words.
Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc. ‘majlis, davlat, maktub’ are of Arabic origin and ‘shoira, dutor, chorgoh’ ar of Persian origin words in Uzbek.Thee are also a number of words taken from Russian, such as ‘zavod, roochka, stol, doska’ etc.
In the process of contrasting the vocabulary of the language we can see that sometimes the equivalent words in the contrasted language do not coincide in the semantic structure. E.g.: Uzbek word ‘нон’ doesn’t coincide with the Russian ‘хлеб’. The semantic structures of the English word ‘race’ and Uzbek word ‘ирқ’ do not coincide. The English word ‘race’ besides denotes ‘a family, a kin, a tribe, a sort, ‘aroma, racial, national’. We can also contrast the semantic structure of equivalent words in Uzbek ‘ювмоқ’ and in Russian word ‘мыть’.
Мен қўлимни юваётган эдим. - Я мыл руки.
Мен кўйлагимни юваётган эдим. - Я стирал рубашку¹.
In these examples we can find similar semantic structure between the English word ‘wash’ and Uzbek word ‘yuvmoq’. The Russian equivalents ‘мыть’ and ‘стирать’ denote the notion more pricesely. Compare: infant (up to 14), adolescent (12-14), teenager (13-19) and Uzbek word (гўдак, чақалоқ, бола, ўсмир).
The Russian pronoun ‘ты’ and Uzbek pronoun ‘сен’ are equivalent words denoting the same meaning, but they differ in the usage. Compare:
Russ. Папа, ты пойдёш с нами?
Узб.: Дада, сиз биз билан борасизми? (Папа, вы пойдете с нами)
Eng.: Dad, will you come with us?
White bread – Brown bread
Белый хлеб – чёрный хлеб
Оқ нон – қора нон