G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi
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Most fl owers smell sweet.
Ko‘p gullar xushbo‘y hid beradi. BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN DOIMO NOANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI A lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many ko‘p a few bir nechta, oz to be at a loss qiynalmoq a little oz at a speed of tezlikda as a result of natijasida at a time when vaqtda, mahalda, -da at a time bir vaqtda, bir martada on a large (small) scale katta (kichik) hajmda all of a sudden to‘satdan to go for a walk sayr qilmoq it is a pity afsus as a matter of fact haqiqatda to have a good time vaqtni yaxshi o‘tkazmoq for a short (long) time qisqa (uzoq) vaqt davomida to have a mind — moqchi bo‘lmoq in a loud (low) voice qattiq (past) tovushda to be in a hurry shoshilmoq to be in a position holatda bo‘l- moq to have a look qaramoq to have a cold shamollamoq to have a headache boshi og‘rimoq to take a seat o‘tirmoq BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN FAQAT ANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI in the morning ertalab in the evening kechqurun in the afternoon tushdan keyin in the night tunda what is the time? Soat necha? the day before yesterday o‘tgan kun on the whole umuman the other day shu kunlarda, yaqin- da to go to the theatre (the cinema, pictures) teatrga (kinoga) bormoq to play the piano, the violin pianino, skripka chalmoq www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 142
keyin in the country qishloqda, dala-dasht- da (shahardan tashqarida) on the one (other) hand bir (bosh- qa) tomondan to tell the time vaqtni aytmoq to tell the truth haqiqatni aytmoq to pass the time vaqtni o‘tkazmoq to run the risk tavakkal qilmoq, xavf-xatarga qo‘ymoq on the right (left) o‘ngda (chapda) QUYIDAGI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALARI ARTIKLSIZ ISHLATILADI at night tunda by sea dengiz orqali by day kunduzi by land quruqlik orqali at home uyda by water suv orqali at work ishda in debt qarzga at sunset kun botar mahal by heart yoddan at fi rst sihgt birinchi qarashda (ko‘rishda) by mistake adashib, xato qilib at peace tinch(likda) by name nomi bilan at war urush holatida by order of –ning buyrug‘i bilan by tram (by air, train, boat, bus) (poyezd, kema, avtobus) havodan (samolyotda) tramvay bilan at table stolda (tushlikda, nonush- tada, kechki ovqatda, dasturxon da degan ma’noda) at dinner (breakfast, supper) tushlik- da (nonushtada, kechki ov qatda) by post (airmail) pochta (havo pochtasi) orqali on deck palubada by chance tasodifan to go to school maktabga (o‘qish ga) bormoq in demand talab katta bo‘lmoq, on sale sotuvda at school o‘qishda on demand talabi bilan to go to town (yaqin) shaharga bor- moq in fact amalda to be in town shaharda bo‘lmoq in sight ko‘rinishda in conclusion natijada on board ship kema bortida to go to bed o‘ringa yotmoq day and night kechayu kunduz to be in bed to‘shakda bo‘lmoq in time vaqtida day after day kundan kunga from … to predloglari bilan kelgan iboralarda: from morning to (till) night ertalabdan tungacha from head to foot boshdan oyo- g‘igacha from time to time vaqti-vaqti bi- lan from day to day kundan kunga from shop to shop do‘kondan- do‘konga www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 143
Umumiy ma’lumotlar 1. Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi: A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people = yosh kishilar. 2. Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long — uzun, longer — uzunroq, longest — eng uzun. 3. Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo‘ladi: a) Oddiy sifatlar qo‘shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big — katta, short — kalta, black — qora, red — qizil. b) Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo‘shimchasini yoki har ikkala sini olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural — tabiiy, incorrect — noto‘g‘ri, unnatu ral- notabiiy. Eng ko‘p tarqalgan qo‘shimchalar (suffi kslar): — ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali; — less : helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda; — ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavfl i; — al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy; — able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo‘ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yen gil. Eng ko‘p tarqalgan old qo‘shimchalar : un- : unhappy = baxtsiz, unequal = teng emas, noteng; in- : incomplete = tugallanmagan, indifferent = farqsiz. 4. Ikkita so‘zdan yasalib bitta ma’noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo‘shma sifatlar deyiladi: dark-blue = to‘q ko‘k, snow-white = qordek oq. 5. Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi: The large box is on the table. (aniq lovchi) Katta quti stol ustida. The box is large. (ot kesimning tarkibiy qismi) Quti — katta. Sifat darajalari (Degrees of Comparison) 1. Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy (the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree). The Missisippi is a long river. (long — oddiy daraja.). Missisippi uzun daryo. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 144
Volga. ( longer — qiyosiy daraja). Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq. The Missippi is the longest river in the world (longest — orttirma daraja). Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun daryo. Qiyosiy daraja Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi. Orttirma daraja Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo‘ladi. 2. Sodda sifatlarning (bir, ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy dara jasi -er qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi: Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja sharp — o‘tkir cold — sovuq deep — chuqur busy — band dirty — ifl os clever — aqlli narrow — tor able — layoqatli(qodir) noble — himmatli polite — odobli severe — shafqatsiz sincere — sofdil, samimiy simple — (oddiy) sodda common — oddiy sharper — o‘tkirroq colder — sovuqroq deeper — chuqurroq busier — bandroq dirtier — ifl osroq cleverer — aqlliroq narrower — torroq abler — layoqatlioroq nobler — himmatliroq politer — odobliroq severer — shafqatsizroq sincerer — sofdilroq simpler — soddaroq commoner — oddiyroq sharpest — eng o‘tkir coldest — eng sovuq deepest — eng chuqur busiest — eng band dirtiest — eng ifl os cleverest — eng aqlli narrowest — eng tor ablest — eng layoqatli noblest — eng himmatli politest — eng odobli severest — eng shafqatsiz sincerest — eng sofdil simplest — eng sodda commonest — eng oddiy 3. Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni yasaganda quyidagi imlo qoidalariga rioya qilinadi: a) agar sifat o‘qilmaydigan e harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, -er va -est qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilganda sifat oxiridagi o‘qilmaydigan e harfi tu shib qoladi: large katta larg-er larg-est brave jasur brav-er brav-est ripe pishgan rip-er rip-est b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi undosh ikkilantiriladi: big katta bigger biggest hot issiq hotter hottest thin yupqa thinner thinnest wet nam wetter wettest www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 145
va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi y har fi i harfi ga aylanadi: busy band busier busiest easy oson easier easiest dirty ifl os, kir dirtier dirtiest d) agar sifat oxiridagi y unlidan keyin kelgan bo‘lsa qo‘shimcha qo‘shilganda y saqlanib qoladi: gay sho‘x gayer gayest 4. Ko‘pgina ikki bo‘g‘inli hamda uch va ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga most so‘zlarini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi: Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja active — faol famous — mashhur diffi cult — qiyin comfortable — qulay interesting — qiziq more active more famous more diffi cult more comfortable more interesting most active most famous most diffi cult most comfortable most interesting 5. Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan kelgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ba’zan ot tushib qolganda ham artikl saqlanib qoladi: This is the shortest way to the sta- tion. Bu stansiyaga eng yaqin yo‘l. This is the most interesting story in this book. Bu ushbu kitobdagi eng qiziq hikoya. The Moscow underground is the best in the world. Moskva metrosi dunyodagi eng yaxshi metro. 6. Ba’zi sifatlarning darajalari qoidaga bo‘ysunmasdan o‘zakdan o‘z- garadi: Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja good — yaxshi bad — yomon little — oz much, many — ko‘p better — yaxshiroq worse — yomonroq less — ozroq more — ko‘proq best — eng yaxshi worst — eng yomon least — eng oz most — eng ko‘p 7. Far sifatining qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarida ikkitadan shakl bor: Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja far — uzoq farther — uzoqroq further — uzoqroq, keyingi qo‘shimcha farthest — eng uzoq furthest — eng uzoq, eng keyingi 10 — M. G‘apporov www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 146
latiladi. I found him in the farthest (furt- hest) corner of the park. Men uni bog‘ning eng uzoq burchagidan topdim. Further, shuningdek, qo‘shimcha, keyingi ma’nosida ham ishlatiladi: I have obtained further information on this matter. Men bu masaladagi eng so‘nggi axborotni oldim. Please send the books back wit hout Yüklə 0,99 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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