Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholic Clergy

332 Samuel.

333 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską 1939–1945, 648.

334 For example, Israeli historian Nahum Bogner states: “Few of the parish priests were willing to take the risk of issuing false birth certificates to Jews.” See Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers, 43.

335 Simcha Rotem “Kazik,” Wspomnienia bojowca ŻOB (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993), 73–75.

336 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 102–3.

337 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską 1939–1945, 634–35; Testimony of Feliks Jesionowski, April 4, 1946, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 6041.

338 Ceremony of Presenting The Righteous Among the Nations Awards, Warsaw, December 4, 2012; Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojcyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 831; Helena Godlewska, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

339 Severin Gabriel, In the Ruins of Warsaw Streets (Jerusalem and New York: Gefen, 2005), 100, and the illustration between pp.96–97.

340 Joachim Schoenfeld, ed., Holocaust Memoirs: Jews in the Lwów Ghetto, the Janowski Concentration Camp, and as Deportees in Siberia (Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1985), 312.

341 Pearl B. Holocaust Testimony (HVT–2876), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

342 Emilia S. Holocaust Testimony (HVT–1907), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

343 Rita L. Holocaust Testimony (HVT–2256), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

344 Sabina G. Holocaust Testimony (HVT–2181), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

345 Henryk P. [Prajs] Holocaust Testimony (HVT–3171), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

346 Susan M. Rostan, Digging: Lifting the Memorable from Within the Unthinkable (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Rosalie Ink Publications, 2013); Aleksander Kopiński, “Marian i Stasio: Żywoty przez parę chwil równoległe,” Rzeczpospolita (Plus Minus), April 25, 2014.

347 Interview with Felix Horn, July 19, 1994, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., at pp. 22, 41.

348 Testimony of Jehoszua Grinberg, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/3494 [ID: 3557027].

349 Testimony of Helena Korzeniewska, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2518.

350 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 372–73.

351 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 273.

352 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 558.

353 Kołacińska-Gałązka, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią..., vol. 5, 35.

354 Guta Tyrangiel Benezra, Mémoire bariolée; Poetic Paintings; Głosy przeszłości: Post-Shoah peintures, poèmes, récits (Otawa and New York: Legas, 1995) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Internet: ; Guta Tyrangiel Benezra, Internet: ; Polish Righteous Among the Nations Jozef and Bronislawa Jaszczuk, Internet: .

355 Testimony of Krystyna Wasiak (Henia Niewiadomska), October 8, 1962, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, numner 5874; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 698.

356 Damian Sitkiewicz, “Maria Malicka: O pomocy udzielanej Żydom przez organizację narodową Grupa ‘Szańca’,” Kolbojnik: Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej Żydowskiej w Warszawie, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 28–31. For the older literature, see Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 235 (annotation); Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 544 (annotation); Prekerowa, Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945, 148.

357 Barbara Engelking, Jacek Leociak, and Dariusz Libionka, eds., Prowincja noc: Życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie warszawskim (Warsaw: IFiS PAN, 2007), 356.

358 Maria Pyjek’s account is found in Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 372–74.

359 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 169.

360 Wolski Ludwik, The Polish Righteous, Internet: ; Hanna Pinkert (Hanna Langner), The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

361 Gutenbaum, The Last Eyewitnesses, volume 2, 348– 49.

362 Testimony of Jankiel Grynblat, July 28, 1950, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 4801.

363 Iranek-Osmecki, He Who Saves One Life, 50.

364 Testimony of Abraham Wand, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3 V.T/3333 [ID: 4030753].

365 Testimony of Yosef Schwartz, cited in Yehoshua Pinchas Klarnet, “Bursztyn,” in M. Amihai, David Stockfish, and Shmuel Bari, eds., The Community of Rohatyn and Environs, Internet: , translated from Kehilat Rohatyn ve-ha-seviva (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Rohatyn in Israel, 1962), 327 ff.

366 Wacław Szetelnicki, Trembowla: Kresowy bastion wiary i polskości (Wrocław: Rubikon, 1992), 249.

367 Lucille Margules, Holocaust Testimony (HVT–1993), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 832–33; Yehuda Bauer, The Death of the Shtetl (New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press, 2009), 109–10, 185.

368 Account of Maria Fischer Zahn, in Carole Garbuny Vogel, We Shall Not Forget! Memories of the Holocaust, Second edition (Lexington, Massachusetts: Temple Isaiah, 1995), 278–81.

369 Jan Selwa, “Banderowcy w Pomorzanach... żyją jeszcze świadkowie,” Na Rubieży (Wrocław), no. 4 (10) 1994, 20.

370 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 562.

371 See also the account of Anita Ekstein in Schoenfeld, Holocaust Memoirs, 193–94.

372 Testimony of Szymon Löffelholz, August 1, 1946, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1922.

373 Based on the account of Sister Anna Jarosik, in the author’s possession.

374 Adolf Korngut (1907– 973) was a teacher at the State Humanistic High School in Buczacz. In 1935, he married Bolesława Keffermuller, a Catholic Pole and fellow teacher. Although of Jewish origin, he appears to have assimilated into Polish society and converted. After the war, Adolf Kornglut and his wife settled in Kluczbork, in Opole Silesia, where he was the principal of a high school. See Jerzy Duda, “Z Buczacza do Kluczborka: Historia kresowej, nauczycielskiej rodziny,” Indeks: Pismo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, no. 7–8 (October, 2013): 99–101.

375 “The ‘Righteous Among Nations’ Have Been Awarded,” October 21, 2008, Internet: ; Działoszyńska Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; Rodzina Działoszyńskich, The Polish Righteous, Internet: . Antonina Działoszyńska and her two children were recognized by Yad Vashem in 2008.

376 William Tannenzapf and Renate Krakauer, Memories from the Abyss / But I Had a Happy Childhood (Toronto: Azrieli Foundation, 2009), 31–42; Krzysztof Strauchmann, “Uratowała Żydówki, rodzina złożyła jej hołd,” Magazyn Nowej Trybuny Opolskiej, October 24, 2008.

377 Krzysztof Strauchmann, “Uratowała Żydówki, rodzina złożyła jej hołd,” Magazyn Nowej Trybuny Opolskiej, October 24, 2008; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 376–77; testimony of Teofila Koryzna Kamińska, Polscy Sprawiedliwi, Internet: . The Koryzna family were recognized by Yad Vashem in 1988 and 1990.

378 Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim 1939–1946 (Wrocław: Nortom, 2004), 170–71.

379 Ewa Turzyńska, Sądzonym mi było żyć… (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, 2009), 143–63, 175–82.

380 See also Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 331–32, 336, 353; Barbara Engelking, Na łące popiołów: Ocaleni z Holocaustu (Warsaw: Cyklady, 1993), 73; Paldiel, Sheltering the Jews, 91.

381 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 307, 469.

382 Stanisław Bijak, “Bohaterowie są potrzebni,” Pielgrzym (Toronto), vol. 7, no. 11 (76), November 1990, 8.

383 Testimony of Feiga Pfeffer, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1356.

384 Kołacińska-Gałązka, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią..., vol. 5, 267–68.

385 Testimony of Gina Hochberg Lanceter, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 3529.

386 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 521.

387 Borwicz, Vies interdites, 141–42; Józef Juzwa, “Ostatni proboszcz zaleszczycki ksiądz Andrzej Urbański,” Kwartalnik Cracovia Leopolis, no. 2, 2012.

388 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 127; Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach, 230 (testimony of Sister Bernarda Sochacka), 244; Report of the Sisters of St. Joseph, June 12, 2009; Moshe Maltz, “Pages about Pain and Death of the Jewish Settlement in Sokal,” in A. Chomel, ed., Sefer Sokal, Tartakov, Varenz, Stoyanov ve-ha-Seviva (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Sokal and Surroundings, 1968), 277–316, as well as accounts by Dr. Dovid Kindler, translated as Memorial Book of Sokal, Tartakow and Surroundings, Internet: .

389 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 127; Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach, 211 (testimony of Sister Kryspina Rajner), 244; Report of the Sisters of St. Joseph, June 12, 2009.

390 See Sender Appelboim, “In the Forests and Villages with the People of Raflovka [Rafałówka] and the Surrounding Area in the Years 1942–1944,” Memorial Book for the Towns of Old Rafalowka, New Rafalowka, Olizarka, Zoludzk and Vicinity, Internet: , translation of Pinhas and Malkah Hagin, eds., Sefer zikaron le-’ayarot Rafalowka ha-yeshenah, Rafalowka he-hadashah, Olizarka, Zoludzk veha-sevivah (Tel Aviv, 1996), 48–53; Gutman and Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 245; Testimony of Sender Apelbaum, January 1966, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2882. When Rev. Wawrzynowicz moved to Lower Silesia after the war, he received many letters of thanks and packages from Jews from Wodzimierzec in Israel addressed to “Their Priest.” See Róża Wawrzynowicz-Billip, “Jak to dobre myśli się sprawdzają,” Gazeta Otwocka, no. 12 (2010), 26.

391 Leon Popek, Janowa Dolina (Lublin: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Krzemieńca i Ziemi Wołyńsko-Podolskiej, 1998), x n.2.

392 Halina Mirska Lasota, Ucieczka od przeszłości (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation of Canada, 2006), 18–29.

393 Jeffrey Burds, Holocaust in Rovno: The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 84.

394 Moshe Gildenman, “The Attitude of the Non-Jewish Population Toward the Jews,” in A. Avitachi, ed., Rowne: Sefer zikaron (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Rowno in Israel, 1956), 518ff., translated as Rovno: A Memorial Book to the Jewish Community of Rovno Wolyn, Internet: .

395 Chana Comins, Oral History transcript, January 28, 1980, Internet: , 17.

396 Kołacińska-Gałązka, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią..., vol. 5, 259.

397 “Sprawiedliwy wśród narodów świata,” Misyjne drogi, July–August 2001.

398 Interview with Moshe Trosman, Yissakhar Trosman, Chaim Bar-Or, and others, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.33/8458.

399 Bronisław Janik, Niezwykły świadek wiary na Wołyniu 1939–1943: Ks. Ludwik Wrodarczyk omi (Poznań: Misjonarze Olbaci Maryi Niepokalanej, 1993), 167–68; Leon Żur, Polacy i Ukraińcy: Którędy do pojednania (Suwałki: Hańcza, 2007).

400 “Okopy,” Strony o Wołyniu, Internet: ; “Benedykt Halicz,” Wikipedia, Internet: ; “Benedykt Halicz,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1160999>.

401 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojcyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 730–31.

402 Testimony of Esther Pop (née Tesler), Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/3878.

403 See also the testimony of Bronia Eckhaus-Waserman, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 6948, noted in Michał Czajka, ed., Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 6001–7297 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 6001–7297 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2011), volume 7, 269. Rev. Antoni Dąbrowski, a Home Army chaplain, was arrested by the NKVD in Lublin in January 1945 and was executed by the state security police a few months later. See Tadeusz Wolak, “Biografia ks. kapelana Antoniego Dąbrowskiego ps. ‘Rafał’ (1910–1945),” 27 Dywizja Wołyńska AK–Biuletyn Informacyjny (Kwartalnik), no. 2 (106), April-June 2010: 22–29.

404 Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach, 210–11; Berl Kagan, ed., Luboml: The Memorial Book of a Vanished Shtetl (Hoboken, New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House, 1997), 290.

405 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 131.

406 Testimony of Stanisław Wiczyk, May 28, 2000, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 50923.

407 Testimony of Moshe Berezin, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/4812; Wroński and Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945, 386.

408 Testimony of Carolyn Feffer, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 34750.

409 Testimony of Dora Chazan, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2900, noted in Czajka, Młodkowska, and Umińska-Keff, Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 2001–3000 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 2001–3000, volume 3, 345.

410 Zygmunt Zieliński, “Activities of Catholic Orders on Behalf of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland,” in Otto Dov Kulka and Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, eds., Judaism and Christianity Under the Impact of National Socialism (Jerusalem: The Historical Society of Israel and The Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1987), 387, based on the order’s wartime chronicle.

411 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 155, 195, 322.

412 Kazimiera Wirgowska, Ojczyzno moja, gdzie jesteś: Wspomnienia z Łucka 1939–1945 (Lublin: Norbertinum, 2009), 52–53.

413 Meloch and Szostkiewicz, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią…, volume 4, 39–43.

414 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 281–82; Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 189.

415 Rączy and Witowicz, Polacy ratujący Żydów na Rzeszowszczyźnie w latach 1939–1945 / Poles Rescuing Jews in the Rzeszów Region in the Years 1939–1945, 92, 178–79.

416 Rączy and Witowicz, Polacy ratujący Żydów na Rzeszowszczyźnie w latach 1939–1945 / Poles Rescuing Jews in the Rzeszów Region in the Years 1939–1945, 174–75.

417 Betty Lauer, Hiding in Plain Sight: The Incredible True Story of a German-Jewish Teenager’s Struggle to Survive in Nazi-Occupied Poland (Hanover, New Hampshire: Smith and Kraus, 2004), 145–46, 208, 228, 495.

418 Elżbieta Rączy, “Ludność żydowska w Krośnie 1939–1946,” Biblioteka Krośnieńska, no. 15 (1999): 28–29; Testimony of Alicja (Sala) Heiler (née Stiefel), Yad Vashem Archives, files O.3/3421 and 1270 (Helena Stiefel); “Parafia polsko-katolicka pw. Dobrego Pasterza,” Łęki Dukielskie—650 lat historii, Internet: . A photograph of Dr. Stefan Stiefel in a cassock can be found on the Yad Vashem website at: .

419 Ghetto Fighters House Archives (Israel), catalog no. 5996, registry no. 19627collect; Testimony of Zofia Irena Müller, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2023; Testimony of Helena Fedorowicz, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2024.

420 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 561–62; Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 387; Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Polacy i Żydzi 1918–1955: Współistnienie, Zagłada, komunizm (Warsaw: Fronda, 2000), 263–64; Kraśnik: History, .

421 Rev. Józef Szubert’s biography does not coincide entirely with the details provided in this account. Rev. Szubert was arrested by the Germans in May 1940 and sent to Dachau, and then to Mauthausen. After his release in November 1940, Rev. Szubert resided in a building belonging to Caritas, a charitable organization, in Katowice, as he was forbidden by the Germans from engaging in pastoral activities. Bronisława Eisner and her mother, who was a prewar friend of Rev. Szubert’s aunt, stayed in the Caritas building for about a month in 1942. It was dangeous to keep her longer because of the close proximity of Gestapo next door, so they found a hideout for them with a Polish family that lived nearby. In 1947, Rev. Szubert was transferred to Godula, a suburb of Ruda Śląska. He was imprisoned by the Communist authorities in 1955–1956. He died in 1973. See his account in Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 600–601.

422 Aleksandra Mianowska, The Righteous Among the Nations, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

423 Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, “Ratowali od zagłady,” Nasz Dziennik, August 3, 2013; Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, “Trzeba uczcić ich pamięć,” Nasz Dziennik, December 2, 2013. Chana Lisogurski Broder’s account, “The Lisogurski Family,” dated April 2005, was submitted to Pier 21, Canada’s Immigration Museum, Internet: .

424 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 448–50; Edward Kopówka and Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki: Polacy z okolic Treblinki ratujący Żydów (Oxford and Treblinka: Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe and Kuria Diecezjalna w Drohiczynie, 2011), 292–93, 308–11; History of St. Michael’s Parish in Międzyrzec Podlaski, Internet: .

425 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 128–29; Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 448; Rączy, Pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej na Rzeszowszczyźnie 1939–1945, 74–75.

426 Stella Zylbersztajn provided additional details about her rescue in her memoir, A gdyby to było Wasze dziecko?: Wspomnienia antysemitki w getcie, komunistki w klasztorze i uniwersalistki wśród Ludu Wybranego, Umiłowanego (Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów, 1994; Łosice: Łosickie Stowarzyszenie Rozwoju Equus, 2005), especially at pp.36, 52, 55–56, 58–64, 145.

427 Testimony of Louis Hofman, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 13655.

428 Testimony of Halina Bartosiak, July 31, 1997, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 31545.

429 Bartoszewski and Lewinóna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 1021; Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 304; Polacy ratujący Żydów w czasie Zagłady: Przywracanie pamięci / Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2008), 53.

430 Bartoszewski and Lewinóna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 566, 574–76; Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 304; Sławomir Gołębiowski, “Pochylając się nad historią,” Mariawita, nos. 11–12 (2004); Urszula Grabowska, “Mariawici i Żydzi—rzecz o pomocy,” Zagłada Żydów: Studia i materiały, vol. 4 (2008): 442–65.

431 Simcha Guterman, Leaves from Fire (United States: CreateSpace, 2015); Sicha Guterman, Kartki z pożogi (Płock: Towarzystwo Naukowe Płockie, 2004).

432 Kitty Hart-Moxon, Internet: .

433 Testimony of Kitty Hart-Moxon, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 45132.

434 Testimony of Sarah Salamon, dated Januuary 30, 1995, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 748.

435 Zdzisław Ligęza, Lubartowskie drogi Armii Krajowej (Lublin: Norbertinum, 1998), 50–52.

436 Aleksander Baca, “Ks. Szymon Tomaszewski (1886–1957)—kapłan, który ocalił Żydów,” Głos Ziemi Urzędowskiej 2012, 36. See also the testimony of Mojżesz Apelbaum, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2013, noted in Michał Czajka, Maria Młodkowska, and Apolonia Umińska-Keff, eds., Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 2001–3000 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 2001–3000 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2001), volume 3, 15.

437 Anna Dąbrowska, ed., Światła w ciemności: Sprawiedliwi Wśród Narodów Świata. Relacje (Lublin: Ośrodek “Brama Grodzka–Teatr NN,” 2008), 56–61. See also Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 630–31.

438 Gitel Hopfeld, At the Mercy of Strangers: Survival in Nazi Occupied Poland (Oakville, Ontario and Niagara Falls, New York: Mosaic Press, 2005), 87, 99.

439 “Piaski,” Virtual Shtetl, Internet: . Many other rescue stories are recorded in that article.

440 Leociak, Ratowanie, 208–10.

441 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 246.

442 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 928, where the rescue efforts of several Polish women, among them Zofia Glazer-Olszakowska, but not Rev. Zalski’s, are acknowledged. Earlier, Rachela Zonszajn was cared for at the nursery of the Albertine Sisters in Siedlce.

443 Testimony of Rev. Jan Poddębniak in Dąbrowska, Światła w ciemności, 191–94. The Bass sisters wrote postcards from Germany in which thet addressed Rev. Poddębniak as “Mr. Priest” and thanked him for what he had done for them. See also “Janczarek Władysław,” Internet: .

444 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 440. See also Dąbrowska, Światła w ciemności, 348–50.

445 Testimony of Diana Topiel-Czerska, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.33/1310; Gutman and Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 244.

446 Maciej and Cecylia Brogowski, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; Rodzina Brogowskich, The Polish Righteous, Internet: ; “Zagłada Żydów Biecza—Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata,” Internet: . Ksawera Brogowska and Maria Leszczyńska were not recognized by Yad Vashem.

447 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 597; Zuzanna Schnepf-Kolacz, “Pomoc Polaków dla Żydów na wsi w czasie okupacji niemieckiej: Próba opisu na przykładzie Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata,” in Engelking and Grabowski, Zarys krajobrazu, 236.

448 Havi Dreifuss, “‘The Work of My Hands is Drowning in the Sea, and You Would Offer Me Song?!’: Orthodox Behavior and Leadership in Warsaw during the Holocaust,” in Dynner and Guesnet, Warsaw: The Jewish Metropolis, 486.

449 The Story of Two Shtetls, Brańsk and Ejszyszki: An Overview of Polish-Jewish Relations in Northeastern Poland during World War II, Part Two [Toronto: The Polish Educational Foundation in North America, 1998], 78.

450 Perets Alufi and Shaul Kaleko (Barkeli), eds., Eishishok, koroteha ve-hurbanah: pirke zikhronot ve-‘eduyot (be-tseruf temunot)/liket (Jerusalem: Committee of the Survivors of Eishishok in Israel, 1950); translated into English by Shoshanna Gavish, “Aishishuk”; Its History and Its Destruction: Documentaries, Memories and Illustrations (Jerusalem: n.p., 1980), 62.

451 Jonathan Webber, “Jewish Identities in the Holocaust: Martyrdom as a Representative Category,” in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13: Focusing on the Holocaust and its Aftermath (London and Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2000), 140.

452 Rabbi Kalonymos Kalmish Shapira, Sacred Fire: Torah from the Years of Fury 1939–1942 (Northvale, New Jersey and Jerusalem: Jason Aronson, 2000), 306.

453 Gershon Greenberg, “The Theological Letters of Rabbi Talmud of Lublin (Summer–Fall 1942),” in Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, Ghettos 1939–1945: New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival. Symposium Presentations (Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005), 113–27.

454 Lena Küchler-Silberman, My Hundred Children (New York: Laurel-Leaf/Dell, 1987), 17.

455 Władysław T. Bartoszewski, The Convent in Auschwitz (London: The Bowerdean Press, 1990), 19.

456 See, for example, Marian Matysik, Małgorzata Rudnicka, and Zdzisław Świstak, Kościół katolicki w Jasielskiem 1939–1945 (Przemyśl, Brzozów and Stalowa Wola: Biblioteczka Przemyska, Muzeum Regionalne PTTK [Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno-Krajoznawczego] im. Adama Fastnachta, and Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski—Filia, 1991), 19, 88, 103, 211–12; Jerzy Adamski, Mieczysław Ligonowski, Franciszek Oberc, and Tadeusz Śliwa, Kościół katolicki w Brzozowskiem i Sanockiem 1939–1945 (Brzozów and Przemyśl, 1992), 202; Witold Jemielity, “Diecezja łomżyńska,” in Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 74.

457 Testimony of Jola Hoffman, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, November 3, 1987.

458 Niewyk, Fresh Wounds, 208.

459 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 1022; Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 406–7.

460 George Lubow, Escape: Against All Odds: A Survivor’s Story (New York: iUniverse, 2004), 45.

461 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 407.

462 Examples of assistance received from farmers and railway workers by escapees from Treblinka or trains headed there are plentiful, despite the frequent manhunts carried out by the Germans looking for Jews and the death penalty facing those Poles who extended any form of assistance to Jews. Of the approximately 200 prisoners who managed to break out of the death camp during the revolt on August 2, 1943, about 100 were still alive at the end of the war thanks to assistance received from Poles. Short-term help was particularly frequent. See Mark Paul, “The Rescue of Jewish Escapees from the Treblinka Death Camp,” in Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Wojciech Jerzy Muszyński, and Paweł Styrna, eds., Golden Harvest or Hearts of Gold? Studies on the Fate of Wartime Poles and Jews (Washington, D.C.: Leopolis Press, 2012), 117–37. According to three separate testimonies by Jewish escapees from the death camps of Treblinka and Sobibór, they “walked about the villages” where they were “known to everybody,” including the farm-hands and school children, without being denounced. See Teresa Prekerowa, “Stosunek ludności polskiej do żydowskich uciekinierów z obozów zagłady w Treblince, Sobiborze i Bełżcu w świetle relacji żydowskich i polskich,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu—Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, volume 35 (1993): 108. Abraham Bomba and his colleagues, Yankel Eyzner (Jacob Eisner), Moshe Rapaport (Rappaport), Yechiel Berkovitsh (Berkowicz), and Yechezkal Kofman (Cooperman), were assisted by several peasants in the area after their escape from Treblinka: “Lying in the field, we saw a peasant in a wagon go by. We called him over and told him that we had escaped from Treblinka and, perhaps, it would be possible if he could take us into his barn. … In the end, we convinced him and he showed us his barn in the distance and we went inside. But he doesn’t know of anything. And if they would ask, we should say that we sneaked in. That is what we did. We were there the entire day. At night, the head of the village came and told us that he would lead us out of the village and show us the way to go. He indeed took us to the main road, and we traveled all night until the morning. In the morning, we came to a village. We saw, in front of a house, that a woman opens the door. We went over to the house and the woman told us to come in. We were there for a week. The second week, we were at the friend of the peasant in the same village. I remember this peasant’s name: Piotr Supel. … This was in the village Zagradniki [Zagrodniki] near Ostrovek Vengravski [Ostrówek Węgrowski]. The peasant traveled with us to Warsaw.” See A.L. Bombe, “My Escape from Treblinka,” Czentochov: A New Supplement to the Book “Czenstochover Yidn”, Internet: , translation of S.D. Singer, ed., Tshenstokhover: Naye tsugob-material tsum bukh “Tshenstokhover Yidn” (New York: United Relief Committee in New York, 1958), 57ff. After his escape from Treblinka, Chil Rajchman was assisted by a several farmers in the vicinity of the camp before making his way back to Warsaw, where he received help from Poles in and near the city. See Chil Rajchman, Treblinka: A Survivor’s Memory, 1942–1943 (London: MacLehose/Quercos, 2011), 106–11; oral history interview with Chiel Rajchman, December 7, 1988, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Hershl Sperling was part of a group of three or four Jews who succeeded in escaping from Treblinka. About twelve kilometres from the camp, they turned to a family of Polish farmers who fed them and helped them make their way towards Warsaw. See Mark S. Smith, Treblinka Survivor: The Life and Death of Hershl Sperling (Stroud, United Kingdom: The History Press, 2010), 251–52. David Lieberman, from Częstochowa, managed to escape from Treblinka by cutting a hole in the fence with pliers which he had stolen. He and his friend ran all night until they stopped in a field where they encountered a woman who recognized them as escapees and warned them to go farther away because the Germans were making their rounds to requisition milk and eggs from the farmers. They walked farther and arrived at a farmhouse: “the woman was very nice to me. She came out and walked with me and my friend almost for an hour, showed us to go to another road. Closed road where the police is not there. She was very nice. She came with a little baby on her back and walked and then she left us … she took her cross out and made a prayer, God should be with you. And we went on our way.” They walked another mile or two and entered another farmhouse. “We told the farmer we want to go to a railroad station. He says he’s going to take us, but he’s not going to walk with us … [but] a distance away. And he opened a barn. He says, ‘In case the SS comes, you just walked in yourself. I had nothing to do [with it].’ So he walked with us. … And we followed him. Finally, he came to a small little village. The village name was Sadowne.” The fugitives then gave the villager some money with which to purchase train tickets, which he did, and they boarded the train for Warsaw. They received more help from farmers in the vicinity of Częstochowa, their hometown. See the oral history interview with David Lieberman, July 10, 1990, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Internet: . Gustaw and Weronika Diehl lived on an estate in Jasieniec, about four kilometres from the Treblinka death camp, with their four children; they sheltered Estera Geist, who escaped from the Warsaw ghetto in 1942. The Diehls, who were awarded by Yad Vashem, also provided temporary shelter and assistance to escapees from Treblinka. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 174; Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 214–15, 269–70. In spite of the death penalty for the slightest assistance to Jews, local Polish peasants helped Samuel Willenberg on no less than nine separate occasions in the first days after his escape from Treblinka. Willenberg stresses the risks involved in assisting Jewish fugitives. When a revolt broke out in Treblinka on August 2, 1943, the Germans mobilized their forces (including the Ukrainian camp guards and hundreds of SS soldiers dispatched from Małkinia, Sokołów Podlaski, Kosów Lacki, and Ostrów Mazowiecka) and conducted a thorough search of the entire area, setting up checkpoints on the roads and combing nearby villages and searching villagers’ homes. See Samuel Willenberg, Surviving Treblinka (Oxford: Basil Blackwell in association with the Institute for Polish-Jewish Studies, 1989), 25, 143–48; Treblinka Museum, Extermination Camp History: “Defiance and Uprising,” Internet: . The most significant impediment was the fear of German retaliation. A Jew who had escaped from Treblinka and managed to return to Warsaw recalled: “The peasants near Treblinka didn’t want to shelter me even for just one night. They happily gave me food and even money, but they wouldn’t hear of my spending the night, because the Ukrainians who were permanently stationed in Treblinka often showed up … The local peasants told of things that were unbelievable but unfortunately true. … Everyone I talked to near Treblinka spoke of nothing else. They all told the same thing, in horror. The ones closer to Warsaw let me stay the night, but there was no question of staying there permanently.” See Michał Grynberg, ed., Words To Outlive Us: Voices From the Warsaw Ghetto (New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2002), 210. A Jew who escaped from the Treblinka death camp recalled the help he received from local peasants: “I was free. I walked to a village. … I knocked to ask for bread. The peasants looked at me in silence. ‘Bread, bread.’ They saw my red hands, torn jacket, worn-out slippers, and handed me some hard, gray crusts. A peasant woman, huddled in shawls, gave me a bowl of hot milk and a bag. We didn’t talk: my body had turned red and blue from the blows and the cold, and my clothes, everything proclaimed Jew! But they gave me bread. Thank you Polish peasants. I slept in a stable near the animals, taking a little warm milk from the cow in the morning. My bag filled with bread.” See Martin Gray, with Max Gallo, For Those I Loved (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1972), 178. Despite the massive German hunt for escaped Jews, some of them found shelter with farmers living nearby. The family of Jan and Aleksandra Góral, who owned a farm near Kosów Lacki, sheltered eleven Jews in their barn for some twenty months. Among those rescued were the Koenig (Koenigstein) family, the brothers Abram and Mendel Rzepka, and three escapees from Treblinka. See Tammeus and Cukierkorn, They Were Just People, 105–12. Szymon Goldberg recalled the assistance of the farmers near Wyszków who took him in: “There were good people, they helped, they gave me food.” See Teresa Prekerowa, “Stosunek ludności polskiej do żydowskich uciekinierów z obozów zagłady w Treblince, Sobiborze i Bełżcu w świetle relacji żydowskich i polskich,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu—Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, volume 35 (1993): 108. After escaping from Treblinka, Szymon Goldberg made his way to the villagers of Kukawki, Basinów and Kiciny, just beyond Łochów, where the farmers protected and fed him. See the testimony of Szymon Goldberg, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 656, noted in Jóźwik, Mahorowska, and Umińska, Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 1–900 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 1–900, volume 1, 227. Abraham (Abram) Kolski was part of a group of prisoners who escaped during the uprising in Treblinka. All nine fugitives, among them Gustaw Boraks, Heniek Klein, Henoch Brener (Henry Brenner), Stasiek Kohen, Albert Kohen, and Erich (Shaya) Lachman, were hidden for the remainder of the war on a farm in Orzeszówka, a village south of the camp, belonging to Julian Pogorzelski and his elderly father Julian Pogorzelski. Throughout the entire period the Pogorzelskis provided the fugitives with all their needs, cared for their health, and obtained medicine for them when they fell ill. (Heniek Klein had tuberculosis and passed away in the hiding place.) When the fugitives emerged from hiding as the Soviet front passed through, their presence became known to the neighbours but no one betrayed them when the Germans returned for a brief period of time. See the oral history interview with Abraham Kolski, March 29, 1990, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C; Testimony of Abram Kolski, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 49970; testimony of Gustaw Boraks, Yad Vashem Archives; Israel Gutman and Sara Bender, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004), volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 625–26. The family of Jan an Aleksandra Góral, who owned a farm near Kosów Lacki, sheltered eleven Jews in their barn for some twenty months. Among those rescued were the Koenig (Koenigstein) family, the brothers Abram and Mendel Rzepka, and three escapees from Treblinka. See Bill Tammeus and Jacques Cukierkorn, They Were Just People: Stories of Rescue in Poland During the Holocaust (Columbia, Missouri and London: University of Missouri Press, 2009), 105–12. Julian and Stanisława Serafinowicz sheltered Shlomo (Szloma) Helman and Yeshayahu (Szyja) Warszawski after their escape from Treblinka, on a farm in Mostówka, a small village south of Wyszków. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 703. After his escape from Treblinka during the revolt in August 1943, Isadore Helfing was first taken in by a farmer, and then stayed with a partisan group until Soviet forces liberated the area. See the oral history interview with Isadore Helfing, September 3, 1992, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. After wandering in forests for about a month following his escape from Treblinka, Josef Czarny was warmly received by Polish farmers near Parysów, northwest of Garwolin. Szymon and Helena Całka sheltered and cared for Czarny as well as two Jewish women. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 128; Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust (Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV, 1993), 205. Yosef Haezrahi-Bürger, one of the operatives of Jewish organizations who, after the war, tracked down Jewish children sheltered by Christian Poles, described the fate of two Jewish teenagers who managed to escape from a train on its arrival in Treblinka and were sheltered in a village near the camp: “in one of the transports, two siblings—a boy and a girl—were among the Jews in the wagons that reached the Treblinka village railroad station before they could be moved to the extermination camp. While they were waiting, the people in the wagon broke through the wooden floor and several escaped. The guards chased and fired at them but the two children managed to reach a house in the village and hide there, terrifying the owner, whose own children were playing in the yard. When she saw the guards pursuing them, the woman directed the guards to her own house. The guards shot the woman’s children, assuming that they were the fugitive Jewish youngsters who were hiding in the house. The terrified woman regained her composure quickly and decided that if this was her fate, she had no choice but to raise the Jewish youngsters. The operative did not the source of the information about these children after the war but was told that emissaries had been sent to remove them several times, failing each time. In 1947, when he was asked to deal with their removal, the children were sixteen and seventeen years old. They knew they were Jewish but refused to leave their ‘mother,’ as they called their rescuer, since she had lost her own children and had saved them. The mother left the decision up to them: both persisted in their refusal and remained in the village.” See Emunah Nachmany Gafny, Dividing Hearts: The Removal of Jewish Children from Gentile Families in Poland in the Immediate Post-Holocaust Years (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009), 202–3, 281. Henryk Poswolski, who was injured while escaping during the revolt in Treblinka and made his way back to Warsaw, was sheltered by Feliks and Marta Widy-Wirski in Podkowa Leśna and nursed back to health. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 863. Viliam Fried, a native of Czechoslovakia, escaped with some other Jews as their train was pulling into Treblinka. He and a Jew from Poland ran together and took shelter in a stable where they were discovered by the proprietor’s son, who fed them and allowed them to stay for a day. They were then directed to a person in the next village, a railroad worker who was in the underground and helped escapees. Fried went alone and was allowed to stay in this man’s stable and was given food. When he left he was given a shovel to allow him to pass as a worker. He went from village to village until he arrived in Międzyrzec Podlaski. On the way, a village woman, who gave him food, warned him of the presence of German gendarmes who were looking for escapees, and pointed him in a different direction. See the oral history interview with Viliam Fried, April 10, 1992, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Internet: . Escapees from Treblinka who managed to make it back to their towns were usually disbelieved. No one in Radom believed escapee Nathan Berkowitz’s story about the destination of the deportation trains: “I gave a detailed report to the head of the Jewish Council, but he called me a liar and chased me out of his office.” See Alfred Lipson, ed., The Book of Radom: The Story of a Jewish Community in Poland Destroyed by the Nazis (New York: The United Radomer Relief of the United States and Canada, 1963), 57. David Bayer recalled: “Max Rosenblum was in Treblinka. He was deported from my hometown of Kozienice to Treblinka with all the people. He sneaked into Pionki camp where I was, because he had a sister who was there. He told everybody that in Treblinka, everybody was killed, and we didn’t believe him. All the people who the Germans took to Treblinka: gassed them. And we called him crazy: ‘He’s crazy, he must be crazy. Why would they kill everybody, women and children, for nothing?’ And he was telling us, ‘Believe it! I saw it. They killed everybody—nobody’s alive!’” See Interview with David Bayer, First Person, 2009, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Many examples of assistance for Jews who jumped out of trains headed to Treblinka have also been recorded. Hersh Blutman from Ciechanowiec jumped from a train heading for Treblinka when it was only three kilometres away from the camp. Bruised and limping, Blutman turned to his hometown, asking local farmers from whom his father used to buy produce for help. Although they all fed him and allowed him to rest, no one was willing to shelter him until, after many days of wandering, he reached the village of Winna-Chroły where he was taken in by Helena and Aleksander Komiazyk. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 366–67. On the way to Treblinka, Stanisław Aronson succeeded in jumping out of the train through a hole in the ceiling. He went to the home of a local farmer who welcomed him in his home, served him breakfast, and did not ask questions. The farmer later took Aronson to a local train station and twenty minutes after boarding the first train, Aronson was in the centre of Warsaw. He then went to the home of his sister’s close Polish friend, who received Aronson warmly but told him that staying there was out of the question because she suspected that the Gestapo was closely watching the building for hidden Jews. She sent Aronson on to her aunt’s house in Warsaw, where he remained for several weeks. Afterwards he joined to Home Army and survived under their protection. See Joshua D. Zimmerman, The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 330–31. Just before reaching Treblinka, in January 1943, Miriam Gutholtz and her boyfriend jumped out of the speeding train into the snow. They were met with a barrage of machine-gun fire from the guards in the end carriage, and her boyfriend was killed. In spite of suffering from frostbite, she managed with difficulty to drag herself to a nearby farmhouse, where a compassionate farmer offered to help her. The farmer contacted Marian Hamera, a friend of Miriam’s from in hometown of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski. Hamera came to Miriam’s aid and brought her back to Ostrowiec. She survived the war, including deportation to Auschwitz, and went to live in Israel. See Rubin Katz, Gone to Pitchipoï: A Boy’s Desperate Fight for Survival in Wartime (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2013), 89–90. After the liquidation of the ghetto in Kosów Lacki in February 1943, Hersh and Chana Kreplak escaped from the transport taking them to Treblinka. After wandering through the surrounding villages, they reached the village of Adolfów, where Stanisława Kołkowska, a devout Catholic widow and old friend of theirs, lived with her son, Ludwik. They prepared a hiding place for the Kreplaks in a farm building and looked after them and saw to all their needs until August 1944, when the area was liberated. The Kołkowskis provided temporary shelter to other Jews too, among them Inka Akselrod who jumped off a train taking her to Treblinka. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 362–63. Two train jumpers from a transport to Treblinka joined at least seven other Jews sheltered by the Postek family, farmers in Stoczek Węgrowski, from the summer and fall of 1942. Stanisław Postek, his wife Julianna, and their sons, Wacław and Henryk, were arrested on September 5, 1943 for sheltering Jews. Stanisław Postek and his sons were imprisoned in Warsaw’s Pawiak prison. The father was sent to Auschwitz, where he perished in March 1944. The sons were released from Pawiak in November 1943, but re-arrested the following June. Their mother, Julianna, died on September 6, 1943 as a result of the torture she endured at the hands of German gendarmes in Stoczek Węgrowski. See Aleksandra Namysło and Grzegorz Berendt, eds., Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2014), 261–62. Wacław Iglicki (then Szul Steinhendler) from Żelechów, who jumped out of a train headed for Treblinka near Łuków or Siedlce, stated: “People used to really help out. I have to say that objectively: when it came to bread or something else, they shared. But finding a place to sleep was a problem. People were afraid. They wouldn’t really agree to have us over for a night, or for a longer stay. That was understandable, because if you consider that in every village, in every community, there was a sign saying that for hiding, for any help given to a Jew, there was the death penalty, it’s hard to be surprised that people didn’t want to have Jews over and so on. They could tell by my clothes that I was a Jew. Because I looked poor, obviously. Ragged, dirty. Wandered around, as they say, aimlessly, didn’t know where to go. … Because of that, many knew immediately they were dealing with a person of Jewish origin.” See the testimony of Waclaw Iglicki, September 2005, Internet: under “Biographies.” In his account dated May 1994 (reproduced in this compilation), Joseph S. Kutrzeba writes: “During the first days of September 1942, at the age of 14, I jumped out of a moving train destined for Treblinka, through an opening (window) of a cattle car loaded to capacity with Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. Wandering over fields, forests and villages, at first in the vicinity of Wołomin, and later of Zambrów, I found myself, in late November, in the area of Hodyszewo (near Łomża). Throughout my wandering, the peasants for the most part were amenable to put me up for the night and to feed me—some either suspecting my origins or pressing me to admit it.” See also Joseph S. Kutrzeba, The Contract: A Life for a Life (New York: iUniverse, 2009), 50ff. Ruth Altbeker Cyprys, who jumped from a train headed for Treblinka, recalls various instances of assistance from railway guards, villagers, passers-by, passengers, and even a gang of robbers. See Ruth Altbeker Cyprys, A Jump for Life: A Jump For Life: A Survivor’s Journal from Nazi-Occupied Poland (New York: Continuum, 1997), 97, 102–110. The brothers Leibel and Efraim Tchapowicz, who jumped from the Treblinka-bound train during the liquidation Aktion in Kałuszyn, were hidden for a few months by a Pole named Strychalski, who continued to provide them with necessities while they were living in the forest. See Leibel and Efraim Tchapowicz, “Hiding,” in A. Shamri and Sh. Soroka, eds., Sefer Kaluszyn: Geheylikt der khorev gevorener kehile (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Kaluszyn in Israel, 1961), 397ff., translated as The Memorial Book of Kaluszyn, Internet: . The brothers Sandor and Shalom Spector jumped out of two separate trains headed for Treblinka and both of them survived with the help of friendly Poles. See Sandor Spector, “I Jumped From the Death Trains,” in Yerachmiel Moorstein, ed., Zelva Memorial Book (Malwah, New Jersey: Jacob Solomon Berger, 1992), 81–82. When Adam Kapitańczyk jumped from a transport train from Warsaw headed for Treblinka, he was shot by German guards and left for dead. Lying by the side of the tracks badly wounded, unable to walk, and barely conscious, he was found by relatives of the Sasin family and taken to their farm in Franciszków near Tłuszcz. The Sasins removed the bullets still lodged in his arm and legs, dressed his wounds, fed him, and slowly nursed him back to health. They built a hiding place for him in the attic of their farmhouse where he remained until liberation. See Sasin Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; The Sasin Family, The Polish Righteous, Internet: . When the brothers Henry and Abe Feigelbaum ecaped from the train taking them to Treblinka, they hid in nearby forests for several weeks before they made their way at night to the home of Czesław Głuchowski in the village of Czołomyje, near their hometown of Mordy, where they survived in a bunker dug under the granary. See See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 239. After jumping out of a train treansporting Jews to Treblinka, Leon Grynberg made his way back to Białystok where he was sheltered by the Skalski family. See Śliwowska, The Last Eyewitnesses, 183–84. Maria Bregman jumped out a train from Warsaw headed for Treblinka, injuring her head. When she regained consciousness, she dragged herself to a village where, posing ineptly as a Polish woman, her wounds were treated by villagers. When German gendarmes arrived the next day looking for Jewish escapees, she was asked to leave. See the testimony of Fruma Bregman, Archive of the Jewish historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1984, 14. As a teenager, Jurek Festenberg was deported from the Warsaw ghetto. He managed to jump off the train headed to Treblinka and make his way back to the Warsaw ghetto with the help of Poles, complete strangers on whose door he knocked, and who agreed to help him without any remuneration, even though this signified signing a death warrant for their entire family. Festernberg recalled during an interview in 1946: “I decided to jump. This is it! What will be will be. … And so I got out on the roof. I was lying down, afraid that the Ukrainians might see me. I lay that way until I saw that the train was going up a hill. Here it was better to jump, because if one jumps on a level stretch, one can fall under the train. … And so, I thought it over well and jumped. I don’t remember any more, but I felt a sharp pain in my legs. And I heard a shot. After perhaps two or three hours I came to, and I saw two children playing nearby … I started yelling, and the children ran away and brought an old Gentile with them—it must have been their father. The father took me into the house. … And he made me a … bandage on the leg, because it appeared that I had a bullet in my leg as far as the bone. The woman bandaged me. The peasants there had there various medicines. They brought it, and put it on, and I was with them four days. They gave me good things to eat and drink. … I still had on me a few a few zlotys [złoty] on me. I wanted to pay. They wouldn’t take it. After four days—this was eighteen kilometers from Warsaw—I said that I wanted to go back home. And so the Gentile took such at with two horses. He drove me about ten kilometers. [and then] I walked to Warsaw. I still had money.” See Donald L. Niewyk ed., Fresh Wounds: Early Narratives of Holocaust Survival (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 109–10. Sabina Zisser was deported to Treblinka from Sandomierz in January 1943 with her parents. As it slowed down, she jumped out of the transport train onto snow near Wohyń, narrowly avoiding German bullets. As part of a group of three women and five men and then a smaller of three escapees, she approached Polish farmers who gave them food and even allowed them to stay overnight in their barns. On the way to Warsaw Sabina met a Polish woman who invited her to stay in her home in Mińsk Mazowiecki. After she made her way to Warsaw, Sabina happened to run across a Polish acquaintance from her hometown of Szczucin who invited her to stay with her. See Serge-Allain Rozenblum, Les temps brisés: Les vies multiples d’un intinéraire juif de Pologne en France (Paris: Éditions du Félin, 1992), 83–88. For additional accounts of Jews who escaped from Treblinka, or trains headed there, and who returned safely to their homes with the aid of random Poles along the way, see: account of David Wolf in Entertainment and Ball Given by the United Wisoko-Litowsker and Woltchiner Relief, Internet: , translation of Samuel Levine and Morris Gevirtz, eds., Yisker zhurnal gevidmet diumgekumene fun Visoka un Voltshin (New York: United Wisoko-Litowsker and Woltchiner Relief, 1948); Feivel Wolf, “After the Departure from Treblinka,” in Memorial Book of Krynki, Internet: , translation of D. Rabin, ed., Pinkas Krynki (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Krynki in Israel and the Diaspora, 1970), 290; Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness: From Mercy Killing To Mass Murder (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 149–56; Alexander Donat, ed., The Death Camp at Treblinka: A Documentary (New York: Holocaust Library, 1979), 135, 142, 248–89 (one of the Poles who helped was a member of a rightist-nationalist organization); Isaiah Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution: Collective and Individual Behavior in Extremis (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), 100, 123; Benjamin Mandelkern, with Mark Czarnecki, Escape from the Nazis (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1988), 59, 66–67, 73–75; Michał Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993), 438–39, 481; Richard Glazer, Trap With a Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1995), 149–53 (the author passed through a long series of localities and when he was finally caught it was not by a Pole but by a Volksdeutsche); Luba Wrobel Goldberg, A Sparkle of Hope: An Autobiography (Melbourne: n.p., 1998), 98; Alina Bacall-Zwirn and Jared Stark, No Common Place: The Holocaust Testimony of Alina Bacall-Zwirn (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 32–35; Henryk Grynberg, Drohobycz, Drohobycz and Other Stories: True Tales from the Holocaust and Life After (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 151–52; Eddi Weinstein, Quenched Steel: The Story of an Escape from Treblinka (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2002); Irene Shapiro, Revisiting the Shadows: Memoirs from War-torn Poland to the Statue of Liberty (Elk River, Minnesota: DeForest Press, 2004), 189–90; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 246, 348, 362–63, 364, 366–67, 461, and volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 703; Michael Maik, Deliverance: The Diary of Michael Maik: A True Story (Kedumim, Israel: Keterpress Enterprises, 2004), 87; Halina Grubowska, Haneczko, musisz przeżyć (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation, 2007), 73–74; Israel Cymlich and Oscar Strawczynski, Escaping Hell in Treblinka (New York and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem and The Holocaust Survivors’ Memoirs Project, 2007), 188; Samuel D. Kassow, Who Will Write Our History?: Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabes Archive (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2007), 310; Krzysztof Czubaszek, Żydzi z Łukowa i okolic (Warsaw: Danmar, 2008), 203, 206, 251; Adek Stein, Australian Memories of the Holocaust, Internet: ; Amidah: Standing Up: Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust (Darlinghurst, New South Wales: Sydney Jewish Museum, 2011), 6.

463 Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 301, 328–29.

464 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 211–12; Joseph S. Kutrzeba, The Contract: A Life for a Life (New York: iUniverse, 2009), 59–60, 80–164, 197–98, 203, 207, 217–18.

465 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 829; Waldemar Monkiewicz and Józef Kowalczyk, “Pomoc Żydom w regionie białostockim podczas II wojny światowej,” Studia Podlaskie, volume 2 (1989): 372.

466 Testimony of of Fania Charin, August 6, 1948, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 3950; Testimony of Mina Omer, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2668.

467 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 829.

468 Borwicz, Vies interdites, 109.

469 “Preface,” Sokoly: In the Fight for Life, Internet: .

470 Testimony of Zelda Kaczerewicz, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2246; Szymon Datner, Las sprawiedliwych (Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1968), 57; Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 738–39; Barbara Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…: Losy Zydów szukujących ratunku na wsi polskiej 1942–1945 (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011), 175; Waldemar Monkiewicz and Józef Kowalczyk, “Pomoc Żydom w regionie białostockim podczas II wojny światowej,” Studia Podlaskie, volume 2 (1989): 372; Historia wsi Jabłoń Kościelna, Internet: .

471 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 880.

472 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part A, 928, 979, which relies on the testimonies of Sara (Wirszubska) Szymańska and Adela (Wirszubska) Boddy, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview codes 28351 and 25233. Another source identifies one of the priests as Rev. Stanisław Łukaszewicz, the Catholic pastor of Narew. See Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 293.

473 Żbikowski, Archiwum Ringelbluma, vol. 3, 129; Huberband, Kiddush Hashem, 417–18.

474 Anatol Leszczyński, “Zagłada ludności żydowskiej miasta Choroszczy,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego, no. 79 (September 1971): 49–67, here at 50. After a Soviet lieutenant was shot in Choroszcz on June 24, 1941, then under Soviet occupation, Rev. Franciszek Pieściuk was arrested by the Soviets, who claimed, falsely, that the shots were fired from the church tower. Although summarily sentenced to death, Rev. Pieściuk’s life was, for some reason, spared by the Soviet soldier assigned to execute him. When Rev. Pieściuk knelt and asked permission to pray, the soldier shot in the air and receded. However, three residents who went to intervene on Rev. Pieściuk’s behalf at the Soviet staff—Dr. Izaak Friedman (a Jew) and the orderlies, Jankiel Sidrański (a Jew) and Henryk Klimowicz (a Catholic)—were brutally massacred outside the town, having been stabbed with bayonets, their eyes plucked out and their tongues cut off. The story is unusual, as this is probably the only example of a Jew sacrificing his life in defence of a Pole during the Second World War. Suppressed by the Communist authorities, the memory of this event is now preserved in a monument at the execution site. See Krzysztof Bielawski, “They Gave Their Lives for a Priest,” Virtual Shtetl, Internet: .

475 Gustaw Kerszman, Jak ginąć, to razem (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation, 2003), 51.

476 Halina Grubowska, Haneczko, musisz przeżyć (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation, 2007), 37, 44, 75–76.

477 Polacy ratujący Żydów w latach II wojny światowej: Materiały dla nauczyciela (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2008), karta 42.

478 Tadeusz Krahel, “Ksiądz prałat Adam Abramowicz,” Czas Miłosierdzia, no. 154 (February 2003).

479 Chaika Grossman, The Underground Army: Fighters of the Bialystok Ghetto (New York: Holocaust Library, 1987), 331; J. Ben-Meir (Treshansky) and A.L. Fayans, Our Hometown Goniondz (Tel Aviv: The Comittee of Goniondz Association in U.S.A. and in Israel, 1960), 701ff.

480 Maria Halina Horn, A Tragic Victory (Toronto: ECW Press, 1988), 82; Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej: Polacy z pomocą Żydom 1939–1945, First edition (Kraków: Znak, 1966), 165–66; Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 48–49, 51–52, 55.

481 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part A, 932.

482 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part B, 1057; Shepsl Kaplan, “In di yorn fun der deytsher yidnoysroyung,” in Lebn un umkum fun Olshan (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Olshan in Israel, 1965), 175–77; Testimony of Szabtaj Kaplan, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/1828; Cyprian Wilanowski, Konspiracyjna działalność duchowieństwa katolickiego na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1939–1944 (Warsaw: Pax, 2000), 98.

483 Anna Feigelsohn, Ghetto Fighters House Archives (Israel), catalog nos. 27 and 178 (Album 54, nos. 113 and 264); catalog no. 3135, registry no. 11478R”M.

484 Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers, 125–26; Manfred Vienna Ingersoll and Christiane M. Pabst, “Feldwebel Anton Schmid,” Gedenkdienst, Ausgabe 3/02.

485 On Kornel Michejda see Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 146; Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 176–77.

486 On the Czeżowski family see Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 160. On the rescue activities of Professor Tadeusz Czeżowski, Dr. Jan Janowicz, and Maria Fedecka, see the account of Alexander Libo in Wroński and Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945, 320.

487 On Józef and Maria Cielecki see Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 146; Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 176–77.

488 On Maryla and Feliks Wolski see Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 466; Pola Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem (Warsaw: Volumen, 1993), 42–43.

489 On Wiktoria Grzmielewska see Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 211; Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem, 42–43. Grzmielewska helped in the rescue of Szmerke Kaczerginski, who was sheltered by Maryla and Feliks Wolski. Ibid., 466.

490 On Maria Fedecka see see Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 212; Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 194.

491 In her memoir, Poza gettem i obozem, at pp. 17–18, 83–84, Pola Wawer, a young Jewish doctor from Wilno, mentions the assistance of Rev. Julian Jankowski (a vicar at All Saints church). He obtained a birth and baptismal certificate for her in the name of Zofia Januszkiewicz from the parish in Podbrodzie.

492 Mendel Balberyszski, Stronger Than Iron: The Destruction of Vilna Jewry 1941–1945: An Eyewitness Account (Jerusalem and New York: Gefen, 2010).

493 On Rev. Akrejć see Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Mieczysław Akrejć—dziekan brasławski,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 12, December 2001; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 126, 195.

494 Until at least 1939, the pastor of the parish in Belmont was Rev. Wincenty Bujnowski, who died in 1946. Therefore, it is not clear who “Petro” was.

495 Ariel Machnes and Rina Klinov, eds., Darkness and Desolation: In Memory of the Communities of Braslaw, Dubene, Jaisi, Jod, Kislowszczizna, Okmienic, Opsa, Plusy, Rimszan, Slobodka, Zamosz, Zaracz (Tel Aviv: Association of Braslaw and Surroundings in Israel and America, and Ghetto Fighters’ House and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1986), 111ff., 124ff., 571–72, 575, 595–96.

496 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part B, 1170.

497 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 38–39, 58; Walerian M. Moroz and Andrzej Datko, eds., Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945: Duchowni i świeccy z ziem polskich, którzy prześladowani przez nazizm hitlerowski dali Chrystusowi ofiarą życia świadectwo miłości (Marki-Struga: Michalineum, 1996), 9–18; Tadeusz Krahel, “Nasi Męczennicy,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, May 1999; Tadeusz Krahel, “Błogosławieni Męczennicy z Berezwecza,” March 2001; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 185–86, 210–11, 227–28.

498 Tadeusz Krahel, Doświadczeni zniewoleniem: Duchowni archidiecezji wileńskiej represjonowani w latach okupacji sowieckiej (1939–1945) (Białystok: Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne–Oddział w Białymstoku, 2005), 84–85.

499 Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Romuald Dronicz,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, July 2000; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 195.

500 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part B, 1088.

501 Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem, 36.

502 Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem, 17–18, 83–84.

503 Oral history interview with Morris Engelson, March 26, 1990, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.

504 See also Fayga Reznik, “My Savior Was a Catholic Priest,” in David Shtokfish, ed., Sefer Drohiczyn (Drohichin Book) (Tel-Aviv, 1969), 484–90; Testimony of Zipora Feiga (Reznik) Berkowicz Barkai and Jonatan Berkovicz Barkai, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2827 [ID: 3560228]; Tadeusz Krahel, “Kapłani wśród ‘Sprawiedliwych…’,” Czas Miłosierdzia, no. 161 (September 2003); Jadwiga Romanowska, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

505 Teresa Worobiej, “Nie ma większej miłości…: Wojenna historia mieszkanek Porudomina,” Tygodnik Wileńszczyzny, November 20–26, 2014.

506 Testimony of Masza Szulzinger Rudnicka (Masha Shulzinger Rudnitzki), Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2333; Testimony of Rachela Rudnik, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/1833. After the entry of Soviet army, Masza Szulzinger Rudnicka and her sister returned to Kiemieliszki and stayed temporarily with this priest.

507 Testimony of Masza Szulzinger Rudnicka (Masha Shulzinger Rudnitzki), Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2333; Testimony of Rachela Rudnik, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/1833.

508 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part B, 1153; Tadeusz Krahel, “Kapłani wśród ‘Sprawiedliwych…,’” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, September 2003; Tadeusz Krahel, “Ratowanie Żydów przez bł. ks. Michała Sopoćkę,” W Służbie Miłosierdzia, November 2008.

509 Supplemented by information from Yad Vashem Archive, file M.31/8361; Tadeusz Krahel, “Ratowanie Żydów przez bł. ks. Michała Sopoćkę,” W Służbie Miłosierdzia, November 2008; and Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 101, 114–15.

510 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 52–53, 422–23.

511 Anasztazja Bitowtowa, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; Testimony of Anastasia Bitovtova (Anastazja Bitowtowa), Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2338.

512 Testimony of Ida Lewkowicz Kaplan, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/3643 [ID: 3557228].

513 Miriam Kurc’s rescue is described in Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 164–65. Her grandparents managed to smuggle three-year-old Miriam out of the Wilno ghetto and placed her in the care of a Polish acquaintance, who obtained Aryan papers for her. Since the Polish acquaintance was unable to look after her, she handed Miriam over to a friend, Stefania Dąmbrowska, who looked after Miriam and raised her as a daughter, without expecting anything in return. In July 1944, when Miriam’s grandmother came to reclaim her, she found her granddaughter safe and sound.

514 Emanuela Cunge, Uciec przed Holocaustem (Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów, 1997), 129, 137‒38, 178, 182–83, 193, 207, 234–35, 253, 261, 273, 277.

515 Leonid Smilovitskii, Katastrofa evreev v Belorussii 1941–1944 gg. (Tel Aviv: Biblioteka Matveia Chernogo, 2000), 64; Teresa Frącek, “Zgromadzenie Sióstr Rodziny Maryi w latach 1939–1945,” in Kościól katolicki na ziemiach polskich w czasie II wojny światowej: Materiały i studia, volume 1 (Warsaw: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej, 1973), 127; “Rakov under Nazi Occupation,” 141, Internet: .

516 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 54.

517 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 532.

518 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 33; Paweł Knap, “Jak ci się uda uratować, pamiętaj”: Relacje “Sprawiedliwych” i o “Sprawiedliwych” z województwa zachodniopomorskiego (Szczecin: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Szczecinie, 2010), 52.

519 Account of Stanisława Wincza and Jan Pastor in Kołacińska-Gałązka, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią..., vol. 5, 210.

520 Schelly Talalay Dardashti, “A Tale of Three Women and a Lost Family,” The Jerusalem Post, March 16, 2007.

521 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 75.

522 Dąbrowska, Światła w ciemności, 380–82.

523 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 151.

524 Shmuel Halpern, “Liquidation of Kamionka Labor Camp,” August 2, 2012, Internet: .

525 Shmuel Halpern, “Liquidation of Kamionka Labor Camp,” August 2, 2012, Internet: .

526 Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Łódź: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2009), 69.

527 Recalling Forgotten History For Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2007), 57.

528 “The Kowalski Family,” Internet: .

529 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 273.

530 Śliwowska, The Last Eyewitnesses, 183–84; Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 306; Halina Grubowska, Haneczko, musisz przeżyć (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation), 62–64.

531 Zuzanna Schnepf-Kołacz, “Pomoc Polaków dla Żydów w czasie okupacji niemieckiej: Próba opisu na przykładzie Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata,” in Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski, eds., Zarys krajobrazu: Wieś polska wobec zagłady Żydów 1942–1945 (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011), 229–30.

532 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 363.

533 Testimony of Batia (Klig) Golan, Yad Vashm Archive, file O.3/VT/10176; “Batya Golan (née Klig in 1933) About Her Life in Pruszków, Warsaw and Lublin Ghettos and the Polish Countryside,” Virtual Shtetl, Internet: . Batya Golan’s husband Motke, who came to Israel from Poland when he was 8 months old, stated: “I have disliked Poles for many years. When Batya wanted to watch a T.V. program in Polish—I would be annoyed—I even hated the language. The change came when I agreed to visit Poland with her some years ago: I suddenly realized the deep bond between Batya and the place of her birth: she remembered places and people so accurately after the many passing years, and they remembered her. I was greatly touched. Since then I love Poland and the Polish language and encourage her to watch Polish-speaking programs on T.V”.

534 Sara Kraus-Kolkowicz, Dziewczynka z ulicy Miłej: Albo świadectwo czasu Holokaustu (Lublin: Agencja Wydawniczo-Handlowa AD, 1995), 46.

535 “Karol Pelc: Surviving the Holocaust,” Michigan Tech News, January 26, 2001 (volume 33, no. 19), Internet: ; reprinted from The U.P. Catholic, January 5, 2001.

536 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 879.

537 Judy Labensohn, “A Real Survivor,” Jerusalem Post, May 1, 2000, Internet: : “With the help of a Polish priest who ran the local orphanage, Feldman arranged for Leah Weitzner to become Helena Lachovich [Lachowicz].” According to this article, Leah Wietzner was born in Lwów and was the only child of a judge in the Polish government who died when she was five. She grew up at her grandfather’s estate in Kochawina, a village outside Lwów.

538 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 497.

539 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 516.

540 In her account, Olga Zawadzka refers to the help of Michalina Razdro and priests in obtaining false documents for Fela Kohn. See Paweł Knap, ed., “Jak ci się uda uratować, pamiętaj”: Relacje “Sprawiedliwych” i o “Sprawiedliwych” z województwa zachodniopomorskiego (Szczecin: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Szczecinie, 2010), 73.

541 According to other sources, Chana or Hanna Batista (then Sara Rozen) was about five when she and her mother were compelled to leave the Albertine convent in Częstochowa, where they had found refuge under the identity of Racińska, after someone denounced them. In despair, her mother determined to drown herself by jumping from a bridge but only broke a leg. She was later captured by the Germans and killed. The story of their stay at the Albertine convent is described later. The child was later known as Eugenia Koziarska. See Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 150–51; Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers, 50, based on the testimony of Hanna Batista, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/5732; Chana Batista Collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Musuem, Internet: .

542 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 516; Testimony of Miriam Griner Goldin, Yad Vashem Archives, O.3/V.T/2689.

543 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 153; Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 214–18.

544 Śliwowska, The Last Eyewitnesses, 285–87.

545 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 33.

546 Irena Licht (born in Lwów in 1936) describes, in her memoir, her stay at a convent and orphanage on Belwederska Street, possibly run by the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary. The mother superior, at least, was aware of her Jewish origin. She remained there some two-and-a-half years until the Warsaw uprising in August 1944, when she was reunited with her parents. See Cahn-Tober, Hide and Seek, 57–85, 196–97. With her parents’ consent, a priest baptized her in a Warsaw church so that she could make her First Holy Communion at the convent with the other girls. Ibid., 71.

547 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 487.

548 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 555.

549 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 631.

550 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 645.

551 “The Righteous Members Awarded in Kraków,” August 5, 2013, Internet: .

552 Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 431.

553 Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach, 84, 178–79.

554 Testimony of Maria Klimczuk, 1956, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 6817.

555 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 127; Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach, 244. The rescue activities are also described in Kopciowski, Zagłada Żydów w Zamościu, 193–94.

556 Miriam Novitch, ed., Sobibor: Martyrdom and Revolt: Documents and Testimonies (New York: Holocaust Library, 1980), 102.

557 Kopciowski, Zagłada Żydów w Zamościu, 194.

558 “A Note Witten by a Christian Woman (Maria Pawelec) Who Saved Tammy Lavee …,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives, Internet: .

559 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 350; Śliwowska, The Last Eyewitnesses, 190. Lena Gross Kaniewska states that she stayed in three convents.

560 Bartoszewski and Lewinóna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 641.

561 Testimony of Barbara Metzendorf, February 6, 1949, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 4268.

562 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 341.

563 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 265–66; Rączy and Witowicz, Poles Rescuing Jews in the Rzeszów Region in the Years 1939–1945 / Polacy ratujący Żydów na Rzeszowszczyźnie w latach 1939–1945, 183–85; Gary Wisby, “Sister Mary Luke Makuch; Aided Jewish Kids in WW II,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 22, 2003; Testimony of Stanislaw Stammer-Cichocki, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 21024.

564 After the Warsaw Council of Lawyers rejected the German demand to remove its Jewish members in February 1940, the authors who issued the rejection were promptly disbarred. The Germans subsequently forbade all members of the council from practicing law and ordered a general registration of all Warsaw lawyers. Every candidate for inclusion on the official list of bar members was first questioned by the chief of the Warsaw District Department of Justice on his position on the admission of Jewish lawyers. The 80–100 lawyers who openly favoured their admission (nine lawyers did not state any view, the majority gave equivocal answers) were arrested in July 1940 and taken to Pawiak prison in Warsaw. They were sent to Auschwitz in September 1940, and only a few of them survived. See Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 116–20.

565 Testimony of Barbara Bregman, January 17, 1997, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 25912; Jan Żaryn, “Zapomniani bohaterowie,” Rzcezpospolita (Warsaw), November 26, 2009. By advancing this false and defamatory claim, Bregman proved herself unworthy of the sisters’ rescue efforts.

566 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 204–6, 489.

567 Halina Robinson, “Survivor,” in The Words to Remember It: Memoirs of Child Holocaust Survivors (Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 2009), 291–304, here at p.298.

568 It was not unusual for people who could afford to do so to make payments or gifts to religious institutions to offset the cost of caring for their children. During the war convents and orphanages were overcrowded with charges and in dire financial straits. It is unlikely that the amount paid over by their father was sufficient to maintain his children for the entire period of their stay at the convent.

569 Etunia Bauer Katz, Our Tomorrows Never Came (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 7.

570 According to several sources, Rev. Szkodziński and a Ukrainian priest from Tłuste exhorted their parishioners to close their ears to the anti-Semitic propaganda spread by the Germans, and to do everything they could to help the Jews. See Berenstein and Rutkowski, Assistance to the Jews in Poland 1939–1945, 40; Testimony of Berl Glik, Grynberg and Kotowska, Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945, 369–70; Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part A, 841; Interview with Adela Sommer, 1983, Kean College of New Jersey Holocaust Resource Center, Ubited States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.

571 Komański and Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim 1939–1946, 443.

572 Komański and Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim 1939–1946, 432–33.

573 Krystyna Smolik, “Nadzieja nadeszła wiosną,” in Kołacińska-Gałązka, Dzieci Holocaustu mówią..., vol. 5, 188–90.

574 That relationship is described in Sandra Brand’s memoir I Dared To Live (New York: Shengold, 1978), 144–55.

575 Józef Feldman, professor of history at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, received assistance from a number of Poles, including the Ursuline Sisters in Lwów, the Franciscans in Hanaczów near Lwów, and the Bernardines (Franciscans) in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska near Warsaw. He converted to Catholicism and died in 1946. See also Biogramy uczonych polskich: Materiały o życiu i działalności członków AU w Krakowie, TNW, PAU, PAN, Część I: Nauki społeczne, zeszyt 1: A-J (Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1983).

576 Jerzy S. Majewski, “Niezwykłwe życie Wandy Nelken-Załuskiej: Została odznaczona,” Gazeta Wyborcza, April 3, 2014

577 See Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 370–71; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 542. See also the memoir of one of these two children: Anita Lobel, No Pretty Pictures: A Child of War (New York: Greenwillow Books, 1998), portions of which are reproduced earlier.

578 This may refer to Henryk Weinman (Wajnman), whose rescue is described earlier somewhat differently.

579 The subsequent rescue of Chana or Hanna Batista (then Sara Rozen) is described earlier. She was adopted by Henryk and Gertruda Zielonka and survived the occupation. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 938; Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers, 50.

580 This refers to Paula and Hannah Kornblum, whose rescue is described earlier.

581 This appears to refer to Maria Widawska (as assumed name) and her son, whose rescue is described earlier.

582 This account appears to refer to Rachela, the daughter of Tzipora Zonszajn (née Jabłoń), who left her infant in the care of her friend, Irena Zawadzka, in Siedlce. Irena, with the help of one of her schoolmates, Lucyna Rzewuska, placed Rachela in the orphanage. They took her away a few months later when the child became ill. The child survived the occupation. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 928.

583 Sara Avinum, Rising from the Abyss: An Adult’s Struggle With Her Trauma as a Child in the Holocaust (Hod Hasharon, Israel: Astrolog Publishing House, 2005), 96–106, 152, 185–86. See also the testimony of Sala Warszawiak (Irena Jabłońska), June 26, 1945, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 431.

584 Miriam Peleg-Mariańska, the aunt of Hania Reich, claims that the nuns were never informed that Hania was Jewish, either when she was left at the convent at the age of nine or removed after the German occupation, and therefore “no-one suspected her of being Jewish.” See Miriam Peleg-Mariańska and Mordecai Peleg, Witnesses: Life in Occupied Kraków (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 54–56, 165–66. The chronicle made independently by the Albertine Sisters belies this contention. It was unlikely in the extreme that Hania would have possessed the level of knowledge of religious matters and practices of a nine-year-old Catholic child.

585 Olga Thiel and her husband Jan were recognized by Yad Vashem in 2009. Józef and Maria Puchała, who had sheltered Zygmunt Weinreb earlier, have also been recognized. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 649–50. Two Polish policemen in Kraków also provided help along the way: a Polish police commander assisted Zygmunt Weinreb’s cousin to smuggle Zygmunt out of the Kraków ghetto; when Zygmunt was taken to a police station to check out his false idenity, a police officer confirmed that identity as true without verification.

586 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945,­ 144–46.

587 S.J. [Stanisław Jerzy] Sagan, Food Carries Out! (Toronto: n.p., 1982), 110.

588 Tadeusz Gaik, “Moje krótkie wspomnienie,” in Antoni Gładysz and Andrzej Szymerski, eds., Biografia byłych więźniów politycznych niemieckich obozów koncentracyjnych, volume 1 (Philadelphia: Promyk, 1972), 72–74.

589 Witold Kiedrowski, “Świat potrzebuje pomnika żywej modlitwy,” Miesięcznik Franciszkański, September 12, 1987.

590 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945,­ 281–85.

591 A traditional Polish greeting that is falling into disuse except when greeting clergy: “Niech będzie pochwalony Jezus Chrystus.” The response is: “Na wieki wieków. Amen,” which translas as “For ever and ever. Amen.”

592 Sara E. [Erenhalt] Holocaust Testimony (HVT–1085) and Leah B. [Binstock] Holocaust Testimony (HVT–369), Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University Library; Testimony of Sara Erenhalt, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/1588.

593 Andrzej Strzelecki, “Marsz śmierci”: Przewodnik po trasie Oświęcim-Wodzisław Śląski (Katowice: Towarzystwo Opieki nad Oświęcimiem, 1989), 49–53.

594 Testimony of Morris Dach, November 23, 1994, Holocaust Memorial Center, Farmington Hills, Michigan, Internet: .

595 Bolesław Ciepiela and Małgorzata Sromek, Śladami Żydów z Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego: Wspomnienia (Będzin: Stowarzyszenie Autorów Polskich Oddział Będziński, 2009), 78.

596 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 586, 652–53, 711–12, 815.

597 Anton Gill, The Journey Back from Hell: Conversations with Concentration Camp Survivors (London: Grafton Books, 1988), 415.

598 Testimony of Alek Elias Kleiner, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/8486; Interview with Elias Kleiner, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 476; Postcard, March 26, 1953, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Accession number 1997.A.0392.

599 Marilyn Schimmel, Witnesses: Voices from the Holocaust (Melbourne: Macmillan, 2005).

600 Paul Johnson, Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Restoration (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), 10.

601 Marek Halter, Stories of Deliverance: Speaking with Men and Women Who Rescued Jews from the Holocaust (Chicago and La Salle, Illinois, 1997), 258–59.

602 Another close boyhood friend of Karol Wojtyła’s was Jerzy Kluger, a Jew. This history of that long-lasting friendship, rekindled when Wojtyła attended the Second Vatican Council in Rome in the 1960s, is described in Darcy O’Brien, The Hidden Pope: The Untold Story of a Lifelong Friendship That Is Changing the Relationship between Catholics and Jews—The Personal Journey of John Paul II and Jerzy Kluger (New York: Daybreak Books/Rodale Books, 1998), and in Jerzy Kluger’s autobiographical The Pope and I: How the Lifelong Friendship between a Polish Jew and John Paul II Advanced Jewish-Christian Relations (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 2012), penned with Gianfranco De Simone.

603 Debra Rubin, “Former D.C. Man Owes Much to Pope,” Jewish Week, Internet: .

604 “Looking for Jańcia,” The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

605 Leociak, Ratowanie, 130–31, based on the testimony of Szlama Jakubowicz, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2427.

606 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 145–46; Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 83–84.

607 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4: Poland, Part 1, 145–46; Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych, 465–66.

608 Henryk Zvi Zimmermann, Przeżyłem, pamiętam, świadczę (Kraków: Baran i Suszczyński, 1997), chapter 32.

609 Biographies of Holocaust Survivors, Ontario, April 25, 2007, Internet: .

610 Jack Felman, “Growing Up As a Child of Holocaust Survivors,” Descendants of the Shoah, Melbourne, Internet: .

611 For a list of Poles awarded by Yad Vashem as of January 1, 2016, see . This list includes only ethnic Poles, as rescuers from other ethnic groups who assisted Jews on the territory of interwar Poland are listed under Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia (e.g., Czechs from Volhynia), Germany, and Austria, as the case may be. Additionally, more than 100 ethnic Poles are listed under Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia, Germany, Austria (Danuta Czaplińska Kleisinger, Wanda Semrad), and even France, even though in many cases their rescue activities occurred on interwar Polish territory. For information about Polish rescuers from countries outside Poland see Israel Gutman, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, volume 7: Europe (Part I) and Other Countries (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2007), 31–32, 70–71, 86–87, 115–16; volume 8: Europe (Part II) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2011)—Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine; volumes 9 and 10: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2010).

612 See, for example, Bill Tammeus and Jacques Cukierkorn, They Were Just People: Stories of Rescue in Poland During the Holocaust (Columbia, Missouri and London: University of Missouri Press, 2009), 21, 69–70.

613 The Yad Vashem count in 2006 for clergy rescuers in various countries with a significant Catholic population was: Austria—none, Belgium—103, Croatia—3, Czech Republic—none, England—one, France—136, Germany—7, Hungary—25, Italy—52, Latvia—one, Lithuania—15, Luxembourg—none, Poland—59, Netherlands—8, Slovakia—5 (including two Eastern-rite Greek Catholics), Swizerland—one, and Ukraine (part of interwar Poland)—9 Eastern-rite Greek Catholics (Uniates).

614 Antoni Bradło (born in 1933) was recognized in 1986 together with his parents and three siblings for rescuing 13 Jews in the village of Lubcza, near Tarnów. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4, Part 1, 111.

615 Wiktor Stolarczyk (born in 1920) was recognized in 1995 together with his parents for rescuing five Jews in the village of Dąbrowica, near Włoszczowa. He was ordained a priest in 1950. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5, Part 2, 755.

616 The Labyrinth is widely regarded as one of the most compelling and evocative artistic portrayals of the fate of prisoners in Auschwitz. See Internet: .

617 See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 568.

618 See also Eva Hoffman’s Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), 232; Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 174.

619 See also Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers, 126; Smilovitskii, Katastrofa evreev v Belorussii 1941–1944 gg., 132; Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 175–76.

620 See also Jan Pietrzykowski, “Księża diecezji częstochowskiej w walce z okupantem,” Wrocławski Tygodnik Katolicki, May 10, 1970.

621 On Fr. Dionizy (Michał Klimczak) see Tadeusz Krahel, “Zginęli 15 lipca 1943 r. przy fortach koło Naumicz,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 8, August 2003; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 150, 154. Fr. Dionizy was arrested several times, last on July 14, 1943. He was executed the following day, July 15, 1943, outside Grodno together with two other priests, Rev. Justyn Skokowski and Fr. Kazimierz Szypiłło, and many other residents of Grodno arrested in the Sonderaktion. The precise cause of Fr. Dionizy’s arrest is not known.

622 Rev. Jaroszewicz’s fate is incorrectly reported in Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers, 126.

623 Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 156, 230.

624 See also Smilovitskii, Katastrofa evreev v Belorussii 1941–1944 gg., 132.

625 See also Zdzisław Goliński, Biskupi i kapłani Lubelszczyzny w szponach gestapo 1939–1945 (Lublin: Związek Kapłański “Unitas”, 1946), 13.

626 See also Jacek E. Wilczur, Do nieba nie można od razu: Zapiski z okupowanego Lwowa (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1991), 34.

627 See also Wilczur, Do nieba nie można od razu, 34–35.

628 See also Kopówka and Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki, 175.

629 Tec, In the Lion’s Den, 73, 96, 98–99, and 254 n.13.

630 E. Thomas Wood and Stanisław M. Jankowski, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), 89–90.

631 See also Gutman and Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 236–37; Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 385–86, 390–92.

632 See also Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 334–35.

633 Teresa Prekerowa, Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945 (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1982), 148–49. See also the account of Maria Rajbenbach and annotations found in Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 233, 235, and Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 552, 554 (reproduced supra).

634 Damian Sitkiewicz, “Maria Malicka: O pomocy udzielanej Żydom przez organizację narodową Grupa ‘Szańca’,” Kolbojnik: Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej Żydowskiej w Warszawie, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 28–31.

635 See also Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 210–12; Władysław Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierścień śmierci 1939–1944 (Warsaw: Interpress, 1970), 220.

636 See also Barbara Engelking and Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City (New Haven, Connecticut, and London: Yale University Press, 2009), 652–53.

637 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską 1939–1945, 648.

638 See also Engelking and Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto, 652 (Więckowicz).

639 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską 1939–1945, 647–48.

640 See also Encyclopedia Lituanica, volume 3, 349.

641 According to Polish sources, the precise reason for the arrest and execution of Rev. Kuczyński is unclear. See Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 130, 228.

642 Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume 3, 119.

643 On Rev. Bolesław Gramz see Tadeusz Krahel, “Ksiądz Bolesław Gramz,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 8, August 1999. Rev. Gramz extended help to Jews, Gypsies and others in need. He was arrested on June 8, 1944 and executed. The precise reason for his arrest is not known.

644 On Rev. Witold Sarosiek see Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Witold Sarosiek (1988–1944),” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 4, April 2000. Rev. Starosiek was a member of the Home Army who extended help to Jews and others in need. He was arrested on April 10, 1944, imprisoned in Białystok, and sent to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp where he died on December 14, 1944. The precise cause of his arrest is not known.

645 On Monsignor Karol Lubianiec see Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Prałat Karol Lubianiec,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 8, August 2000; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 195, 229. Monsignor Lubianiec, born in 1866, settled in village of Plebania near Kraśne where he was in charge of a small church; he was highly regarded by all. He was arrested in July or September 1942, imprisoned in Wilejka, and executed. Neither the precise cause of his arrest nor the circumstances of his death are clear.

646 When the Germans occupied Słonim in June 1941, they took the highly unusual step of appointing Rev. Kazimierz Grochowski, who was the acting pastor of St. Andrew’s church and—as a native of the Poznań region—had an excellent command of the German language, the mayor of the city. He was in that position for only a few months. During that time he intervened on behalf of the Jews and provided them with false identity documents. His benelovence was noted by a Jew who stayed briefly in Słonim. See Huberband, Kiddush Hashem, 373. Rev. Grochowski was arrested by the Germans and accused of hiding Jews. Since no Jews were found in the rectory he was released. Rev. Grochowski was arrested again in March 1942 and imprisoned in Baranowicze. He was executed in an unknown location soon after. On Rev. Kazimierz Grochowski see Tadeusz Krahel, “W Generalnym Okręgu Białoruś (c.d.),” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 12, December 1998; Tadeusz Krahel, “Ksiądz Kazimierz Grochowski,” W Służbie Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 2, February 2009; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 195. See also the testimony of Salomon Szlakman, in Michał Grynberg and Maria Kotowska, comp. and eds., Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945: Relacje świadków (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa, 2003), 522–25; Żbikowski, Archiwum Ringelbluma, vol. 3, 356. See also Wacław Bielawski, Zbrodnie na Polakach dokonane przez hitlerowców za pomoc udzielaną Żydom (Warsaw: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce–Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 1987), Entry 210.

647 On Rev. Romuald Świrkowski see Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Romuald Świrkowski (1986–1942),” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, no. 2, February 2000; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 116, 225.

648 See also Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume 2, 84.

649 Józef Klimaszewski (“Cień”), W cienie czerwonego boru, typescript, 20 (in the author’s possession).

650 See the eyewitness account in Jan Żaryn, “Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945: Rozmowa z ks. Kazimierzem Łupińskim z parafii Szumowo,” Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): 112–17.

651 See also Maria Suchecka, “Proboszcz z Niedźwiedzicy,” Tygodnik Powszechny (Kraków), April 1, 1990.

652 Shalom Cholawsky, The Jews of Bielorussia during World War II (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998), 278.

653 See also Gutman and Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 227; Kamil Barański, Przeminęli zagończycy, chliborobi, chasydzi…: Rzecz o ziemi stanisławowsko-kołomyjsko-stryjskiej (London: Panda Press, 1988), 417–18; Bielawski, Zbrodnie na Polakach dokonane przez hitlerowców za pomoc udzielaną Żydom, Entry 741; Shlomo Blond, et al., eds., Memorial Book of Tlumacz: The Life and Destruction of a Jewish Community (Tel Aviv: Tlumacz Societies in Israel and the U.S.A., 1976), xxxiv, cxxix and clxxiii.

654 Lesław Jeżowski, “Ks. Edward Tabaczkowski,” Semper Fidelis (Wrocław), no. 3 (16), 1993: 10.

655 See also Na Rubieży (Wrocław), no. 35 (1999): 33 (based on the eyewitness account of Michał Przygrodzki); Szczepan Siekierka, Henryk Komański, and Eugeniusz Różański. Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie stanisławowskim 1939–1946 (Wrocław: Stowarzyszenie Upamiętnienia Ofiar Zbrodni Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów we Wrocławiu, 2008), 503–4.

656 Patricia Treece, A Man for Others: Maximilian Kolbe, Saint of Auschwitz (New York: Harper & Row, 1982; reissued by Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division of Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, Indiana, 1982), 91–93 and endnote 12.

657 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 102–4; “Biogramy 108 męczenników,” Głos Polski (Toronto), May 18–24, 1999.

658 Władysław Smólski, ed., Za to groziła śmierć: Polacy z pomocą Żydom w czasie okupacji (Warsaw: Pax, 1981), 113–19; Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume 4, 292; Stanisław Zygarowicz and Witold Jedynak, eds., Świadkowie wiary Diecezji Przemyskiej z lat 1939–1964 (Przemyśl, Wydawnictwo Archidiecezji Przemyskiej: 2001), 85–86; Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 213–14; Rączy, Pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej na Rzeszowszczyźnie 1939–1945, 77–78.

659 Parafia pw. Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego w Borusowej, Internet: ; Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume, 4, 389.

660 According to Polish sources, his death may have been asa a result of his patrioric stance. See Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 23, 44; Tadeusz Krahel, “Ks. Romuald Dronicz,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, July 2000; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 195.

661 See also the written statements of Peter (Pejsach) Smuszkowicz, November 18–23 and November 20, 1993 (in the author’s possession); Ariel Machnes and Rina Klinov, eds, Darkness and Desolation: In Memory of the communities of Braslaw, Dubene, Jaisi, Jod, Kislowszczizna, Okmienic, Opsa, Plusy, Rimszan, Slobodka, Zamosz, Zaracz (Tel Aviv: Association of Braslaw and Surroundings in Israel and America and Ghetto Fighters’ House and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, n.d.), 571, 575.

662 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 38–39, 58; Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 9–18; Tadeusz Krahel, “Nasi Męczennicy,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, May 1999; Tadeusz Krahel, “Błogosławieni Męczennicy z Berezwecza,” Czas Miłosierdzia: Białostocki Biuletyn Kościelny, March 2001.

663 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 397.

664 Siek, Archiwum Ringelbluma, vol. 9, 26.

665 M. Gelbart, ed., Kehilat Konin be-Frihata u-ve Hurbana (The Community of Konin: Its Flowering and Destruction) (Tel Aviv: Association of Konin Jews in Israel, 1968), 526–27, as cited in Theo Richmond, Konin: A Quest (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995), 163.

666 Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume, 4, 460.

667 Jack Kugelmass and Jonathan Boyarin, eds., From A Ruined Garden: The Memorial Books of Polish Jewry, Second, expanded edition (Bloomington and Indianopolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 177–78.

668 George Gorin, ed., Grayever yizker-bukh (Grayevo Memorial Book) (New York: United Brayever Relief Committee, 1950), xxxii–xxxiii. Witold Jemielity gives the date of Rev. Pęza’s execution as July 15, 1941—see Witold Jemielity, “Martyrologia księży diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945,” Rozporządzenia Urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 8–9 (1974): 53; whereas Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume 2, 184 gives the date as August 15, 1943.

669 See also Urszula Przybyła, “Pamięci tych, co rozdawali miłość,” Słowo–Dziennik Katolicki (Warsaw), November 28, 1995.

670 Stanisław Łukomski, “Wspomnienia,” in Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 5–7 (May–July) 1974: 62; Witold Jemielity, “Martyrologium księzy diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945,” in Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 8–9 (August-September) 1974: 55; Jan Żaryn, “Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945. Rozmowa z ks. Kazimierzem Łupińskim z parafii Szumowo,” Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): 112–17.

671 See Smilovitskii, Katastrofa evreev v Belorussii 1941–1944 gg., 132.

672 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 84; Laryssa Michajlik, “‘Sąsiedzi’ obok ‘sąsiadów’? Ratowanie Żydów przez chrześcijan na terytorium Białorusi w latach 1941–1944,” in Krzysztof Jasiewicz, ed., Świat niepożegnany: Żydzi na dawnych ziemiach wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej w XVIII–XX wieku (Warsaw and London: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, Rytm, and Polonia Aid Foundation Trust, 2004), 737.

673 Józef Halperin, Ludzie są wszędzie (Warsaw: ASPRA-JR, 2002), 173.

674 Jasiewicz, Świat niepożegnany, 735.

675 Jasiewicz, Świat niepożegnany, 736–77; Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 126, 168, 195.

676 Under the Soviet occupation Rev. Udalski was defended by Jews when the Soviets threatened to execute him. He assisted Jews on the entry of the Germans and provided them with false baptismal certificates. He agreed to baptize a child born to a Jewish mother and a Polish father named Dratwicki, which led to the arrest of the priest and the child’s godparents. Jasiewicz, Świat niepożegnany, 737; Tadeusz Krahel, “Ksiądz Antoni Udalski: Zginął za ratowanie Żydów,” W służbie Miłosierzia (Białystok), no. 4 (April 2007); Krahel, Archidiecezja wileńska w latach II wojny światowej, 126, 166–67, 195.

677 Mila Sandberg-Mesner, Light from the Shadows (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation of Canada, 2005), 81, 104–5; Yehudi Lindeman, ed., Shards of Memory: Narratives of Holocaust Survival (Westport, Connecticut and London: Praeger, 2007), 10.

678 Adina Blady Szwajger, I Remember Nothing More: The Warsaw Children’s Hospital and the Jewish Resistance (London: Collins Havrill, 1990), 122–24.

679 Antoni Gładysz and Andrzej Szymerski, eds., Biografia byłych więźniów politycznych niemieckich obozów koncentracyjnych, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Promyk, 1972), 70–71. Rev. Gabryl was arrested for having baptized a Jewish convert before the war. After his detention and repeated beatings in Montelupi prison in Kraków, Rev. Gabryl spent three years in Auschwitz and Dachau.

680 Chciuk, Saving Jews in War-Torn Poland, 1939–1945, 33.

681 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, lxxxiv; Berenstein and Rutkowski, Assistance to the Jews in Poland 1939–1945, 43; Iranek-Osmecki, He Who Saves One Life, 269.

682 Jacewicz and Woś, Martyrologium, volume 3, 106.

683 Namysło and Berendt, Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej, 283.

684 Zieliński, Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją 1939–1945, 52.

685 Kazimierz Litwiejko, “Działalność społeczno-oświatowa Kościoła w południowo-zachodniej części archidiecezji wileńskiej 1939–1945,” Nasza przeszłość: Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce (Kraków: Instytut Wydawniczy Księży Misjonarzy), no. 81 (1994): 303.

686 Engelking, Leociak, and Libionka, Prowincja noc, 498, n.215, based on information published in Agencja Informacyjna Wieś, September 28, 1943 (no. 3), 4; Zbigniew Wąsowski, Tomasz Jaszczołt, and Grzegorz Wierzbicki, Monografia parafii Rozbity Kamień (Rozbity Kamień: Parafia Rzymskokatolicka pod wezwaniem św. Trójcy, 2004), 38.

687 See also Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 385–86, 390–91.

688 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 445–51.

689 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, 282–85.

690 See the following publications on this topic: Philip Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers (New York: Holocaust Library, 1978), 184–85; Wacław Zajączkowski, Martyrs of Charity: Christian and Jewish Response to the Holocaust, Part One (Washington, D.C.: St. Maximilian Kolbe Foundation, 1987), Part One; Wacław Bielawski, Zbrodnie na Polakach dokonane przez hitlerowców za pomoc udzielaną Żydom (Warsaw: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce–Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 1987); The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation–The Institute of National Memory and The Polish Society For the Righteous Among Nations, Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust, Part One (Warsaw, 1993), Part Two (Warsaw, 1996), and Part Three (Warsaw, 1997); Aleksandra Namysło and Grzegorz Berendt, eds., Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2014). The last of these publications is available on the Internet at: . A portion of the second last of the above publications is reproduced in Appendix B in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944, Second revised edition (New York: Hippocrene, 1997), and an extensive list of Polish victims also appears in Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 (Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland, 1998), 119–23.

691 Lucy C. Dawidowicz, The Holocaust and the Historians (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981), 166.

692 Raul Hilberg, Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945 (New York: Aaron Asher Books/Harper Collins, 1992), 210–11.

693 Marnix Croes, “The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, volume 20, no. 3 (Winter 2006): 474–99.

694 Mordechai Paldiel, Churches and the Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans, and Reconciliation (Jersey City, New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House, 2006), 131–32.

695 Beate Kosmala, “Facing Deportation in Germany, 1941–1945: Jewish and Non-Jewish Responses,” in Beate Kosmala and Feliks Tych, eds., Facing the Nazi Genocide: Non-Jews and Jews in Europe (Berlin: Metropol, 2004), 35.

696 Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 1939–1945 (London: Allen Lane/Penguin Books, 2008), 70–71, 251, 272–73.

697 Israel Gutman, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, volume 8: Europe (Part I) and Other Countries (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2007), xxix, liii.

698 Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous, 366.

699 Livia Rothkirchen, The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2005), 218–27, 303–304.

700 Alfonsas Eidintas, Jews, Lithuanians and the Holocaust (Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2003), 326–27; Yitzhak Arad, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press; Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009), 428, 438. See also Zajączkowski, Martyrs of Charity, Part One, 111–18, 284–86, 294, 295, for some other examples.

701 István Deák, “Memories of Hell,” The New York Review of Books, June 26, 1997.

702 “Świadectwo prawdy,” Tygodnik Powszechny, September 1, 1946, as cited in Janina Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów: Słownik (Warsaw: Neriton, 2014), 293–94.

703 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 410–13.

704 Franciszka Tusk-Scheinwechsler, “The Price of a Single Life,” in Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., Righteous Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945 (London: Earlscourt Publications, 1969), 309–17; Maria Winnicka, The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

705 Bill Tammeus and Jacques Cukierkorn, eds., They Were Just People: Stories of Rescue in Poland During the Holocaust (Columbia, Missouri and London: University of Missouri Press, 2009), 79.

706 See her testimony in Chciuk, Saving Jews in War-Torn Poland 1939–1945, 26–27.

707 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 287–96; Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 685–92; Stella Zylbersztajn, A gdyby to było Wasze dziecko? Wspomnienia antysemitki w getcie, komunistki w klasztorze i uniwersalistki wśród Ludu Wybranego, Umiłowanego (Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów, 1994; Łosice: Łosickie Stowarzyszenie Rozwoju Equus, 2005).

708 Abram and Sonia Hurman, as told to Halina Birenbaum, Pod osłoną nocy: Wspomnienia z lat 1939–1945 (Kraków and Oświęcim: Fundacja Instytut Studiów Strategicznych and Państwowe Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 2007).

709 Halina Robinson, “Survivor,” in The Words to Remember It: Memoirs of Child Holocaust Survivors (Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 2009), 291–304, here at p.298. Halina Robinson’s memoir is titled A Cork on the Waves: Reflections of a Turbulent Life (Sydney: Sydney Jewish Museum, 2005; Sydney: Park Street Press, 2006).

710 Nathan Gross, “Unlucky Clara,” Yad Vashem Bulletin, no. 10–11 (1956): 34; Małgorzata Melchior, Zagłada a tożsamość: Polscy Żydzi ocaleni “na aryjskich papierach”: Analiza doświadczenia biograficznego (Warsaw: IFiS PAN, 2004), 129.

711 Ludwik Hirszfeld, Historia jednego życia (Warsaw: Czytelnik 1946; Pax, 1957), translated as The Story of One Life (Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2010).

712 Tadeusz Knade, “Władysław Szpilman ostatni wywiad,” Rzeczpospolita, October 12, 2002.

713 Marta Cobel-Tokarska, Bezludna wyspa, nora, grób: Wojenne kryjówki Żydów w okpupowanej Polsce (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2012), 97, based on the testimony of Etka Żółtak, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 545.

714 Israel Gutman, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2010), 551–52.

715 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 554.

716 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 566.

717 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 573.

718 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 586–87.

719 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 589–90.

720 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 590.

721 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 595–96.

722 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 597–98.

723 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 605.

724 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 615–16.

725 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 632–33.

726 Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke’s Louisiana (Chapel Hill and London: The University Press of North Carolina, 2000), 281–82.

727 Powell, Troubled Memory, 279–80.

728 For example, Joanna Michlic, a prolific exponent of the “black legend” of Polish-Jewish relations, raises the rescue efforts of the Huguenot village of Le-Chambon-sur-Lignon, in Vichy France, where there was no mandated death penalty for helping Jews and which was itself an extremely rare occurrence there, to denigrate Polish rescue efforts and effectively deny the phenomenon of collective rescue activities in occupied Poland. Her juxtaposition of a case that is entirely exceptional even by Western European standards and sweeping generalizations about Poles, who are condemned as an entire nation for the activities of a tiny portion of the population, is characteristic of her animus and genre of writing: “Therefore, one can argue that in the history of aid to Jews in Poland, we… hardly find an account similar to that of the successful collective rescue efforts in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in France. Instead, one finds chilling accounts of solidarity in chasing away and murdering Jewish fugitives, and solidarity in condemning and undermining rescue operations and hurting and betraying the selfless rescuers of Jews.” See Joanna B. Michlic, “‘I will never forget what you did for me during the war’: Rescuer–Rescuee Relationships in the Light of Postwar Correspondence in Poland, 1945–1949,” Yad Vashem Studies, volume 39, no. 2 (2011): 169–207, here at pp.189–90. In it is a pity that Michlic did not turn her attention to why Polish Jews produced corrupt and brutal councils and police forces that engaged in widespread abuses of the ghetto population, but French Jews did not.

729 Philip Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers (New York: Holocaust Library, 1978), 116.

730 Michał Grynberg and Maria Kotowska, comp. and eds., Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945: Relacje świadków (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa, 2003), 488.

731 “Edmonton survivor returns to Poland,” The Canadian Jewish News (Toronto), August 2, 1990, and “Return to Otwock brings back rush of memories,” The Canadian Jewish News, August 30, 1990; Mary Kaye Ritz, “Holocaust Survivor Sees Own childhood on Film,” Honolulu Advertiser, January 31, 2003. See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 927.

732 Tatiana Berenstein and Adam Rutkowski, Assistance to the Jews in Poland, 1939–1945 (Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House, 1963), 27; Barbara Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…: Losy Zydów szukujących ratunku na wsi polskiej 1942–1945 (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011), 105, 123–24.

733 Maria Walewska, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

734 Zbigniew Pakula, The Jews of Poznań (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2003), 51.

735 Berenstein and Rutkowski, Assistance to the Jews in Poland, 1939–1945, 27.

736 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 165; Stefania Romaniuk, “Moja okupacja,” Odra, no. 5 (1988): 24–32 , here at 30–31.

737 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 586–87.

738 Testimony of Henryk Prajs, January 2005, Internet: .

739 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 4, Part 1, 112.

740 Leon Gongoła, “O prawach i ludziach,” Polska (Warsaw), no. 7 (1971): 170–72.

741 Artur K.F. Wołosz, ed., Księga pamięci Żydów bieżuńskich (Bieżuń: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Bieżunia and Muzeum Małego Miasta w Bieżuniu, Oddział Muzeum Wsi Mazowieckiej w Sierpcu, 2009), 98–101; translation of Sefer ha-zikaron le-kedoshei Biezun (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Biezun, 1956).

742 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 563–64.

743 Jacek Leociak, Ratowanie: Opowieści Polaków i Żydów (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2010), 123–24, 128–29, 131–35.

744 Suzanne Rozdeba, “A Polish Village’s Secret: A Farming Town Hid a Jewish-born Teacher During the Holocaust,” Tablet, August 21, 2012.

745 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5, Part 2, 575.

746 “Jak można podziękować za życie: Sprawiedliwi wśród narodów świata z Lublina i Końskowoli,” Dziennik Wschodni, April 26, 2015.

747 Philip “Fiszel” Bialowitz with Joseph Bialowitz, A Promise at Sobibór: A Jewish Boy’s Story of Revolt and Survival in Nazi-Occupied Poland (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2010), 141–42.

748 James Park Sloan, Jerzy Kosinski: A Biography (New York: Dutton/Penguin, 1996), 7–54.

749 Anna Kopec, The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, Internet: ; The Kopeć Family, The Polish Righteous, Internet: ; Testimony of Anna Kopeć, Internet: .

750 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 153; Jolanta Chodorska, ed., Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa nadesłane na apel Radia Maryja (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002), Part Two, 214–18. The Brykczyńskis were recognized as Righteous by Yad Vashem in 2010.

751 Elżbieta Rączy and Igor Witowicz, Polacy ratujący Żydów na Rzeszowszczyźnie w latach 1939–1945 / Poles Rescuing Jews in the Rzeszów Region in the Years 1939–1945 (Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2011), 92.

752 Stanisław & Maria Dudek, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; The Dudek Family, The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

753 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 601; Rączy and Witowicz, Polacy ratujący Żydów na Rzeszowszczyźnie w latach 1939–1945 / Poles Rescuing Jews in the Rzeszów Region in the Years 1939–1945, 158.

754 Michał Kalisz and Elżbieta Rączy, Dzieje społeczności żydowskiej powiatu gorlickiego podczas okupacji niemieckiej 1939–1945 (Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Rzeszowie, 2015), 87–89.

755 Zuzanna Schnepf-Kołacz, “‘In the Ciechania Presbytery’: The Story of Saving Zofia Trembska: A Case Study,” Holocaust: Studies and Materials (Warsaw: Polish Center for Holocaust Research), volume 2 (2010), 367.

756 Bertha Ferderber-Salz, And the Sun Kept Shining… (New York: Holocaust Library, 1980), 199.

757 Elżbieta Rączy, Pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej na Rzeszowszczyźnie 1939–1945 (Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2008), 128.

758 Maria Hochberg-Mariańska and Noe Grüss, eds., The Children Accuse (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 1996), 68–72.

759 Leslie Gilbert-Lurie with Rita Lurie, Bending Toward the Sun: A Mother and Daughter Memoir (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 46–47, 58, 293.

760 Fay Walker and Leo Rosen (with Caren S. Neile), Hidden: A Sister and Brother in Nazi Poland (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), passim.

761 Piotr Zychowicz, “Ratowali Żydów i nie godzą sie na kłamstwa,” Rzeczpospolita, October 30, 2009; the Polish Righteous, Internet: .

762 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 567–68.

763 Sprawiedliwa wśród narodów świata—Barbara Mikłasz, Gimnazjum Publiczne im. Ks. Bronisława Markiewicza w Pruchniku, Onternet: .

764 Ellen Land-Weber, To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 204–6, 246.

765 Gabriel Singer, “As Beasts in the Woods,” in Elhanan Ehrlich, ed., Sefer Staszow (Tel Aviv: Organization of Staszowites in Israel with the Assistance of the Staszowite Organizations in the Diaspora, 1962), xviii (English section).

766 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vols. 4 and 5: Poland, Part 1, 197; Part 2, 670.

767 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 609–10.

768 Mariusz Kamieniecki, “Ratowali Żydów przed zagładą,” Nasz Dziennik, November 24, 2005; Institute of National Remembrance, Wystaw “Sprawiedliwi wśrod Narodów Świata”—15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów, Internet: .

769 Klara Mirska, W cieniu wiecznego strachu: Wspomnienia (Paris, n.p.: 1980), 455.

770 Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2008), 79.

771 Shiye Goldberg (Shie Chehever), The Undefeated (Tel Aviv: H. Leivick Publishing House, 1985), 166–67.

772 Chaim Zylberklang, Z Żółkiewki do Erec Israel: Przez Kotłas, Buzułuk, Ural, Polskę, Niemcy i Francję, Second revised and expanded edition (Lublin: Akko, 2004), 169, 171–72.

773 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 684.

774 Nahum Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers: The Rescue of Jewish Children with Assumed Identities in Poland (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009), 88–89, 97. See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5, Part 2, 718.

775 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), 530–31.

776 Eva Feldenkreiz-Grinbal, ed., Eth Ezkera—Whenever I Remember: Memorial Book of the Jewish Community in Tzoymir (Sandomierz) (Tel Aviv: Irgun yots’e Tsoizmir be-Yisra’l: Moreshet, bet iedut ‘a. sh. Mordekhai Anilevits’, 1993), 544.

777 B. Idasiak, “Jedwabne: Dlaczego kłamstwa?,” Nasz Dziennik, February 26, 2001.

778 Alina Cała, The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew Univeristy, 1995), 209–10.

779 “Odznaczenia dla Sprawiedliwych,” Internet: .

780 Krystian Brodacki, “Musimy ich uszanować!” Tygodnik Solidarność, December 17, 2004.

781 Layb Rochman, “With Kuniak in Hiding,” in A. Shamri and Sh. Soroka, eds., Sefer Kaluszyn: Geheylikt der khorev gevorener kehile (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Kaluszyn in Israel, 1961), 437ff., translated as The Memorial Book of Kaluszyn, Internet: .

782 Sven Sonnenberg, A Two Stop Journey to Hell (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation of Canada, 2001).

783 Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 161–62.

784 Peggy Curran, “Decent people: Polish couple honored for saving Jews from Nazis,” Gazette (Montreal), December 10, 1994; Janice Arnold, “Polish widow made Righteous Gentile,” The Canadian Jewish News (Montreal edition), January 26, 1995; Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia Werbowski, Żegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 (Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1999), 131–32, and Code Name: Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945: The Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe (Santa Barbara, California: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010), 140–43.

785 Joanna Michlic, “Stories of Rescue Activities in the Letters of Jewish Survivors about Christian Polish Rescuers, 1944–1949,” in Glenn Dynner and François Guesnet, eds., Warsaw: The Jewish Metropolis (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015), 530–31.

786 Interview with Joseph Dattner, December 20, 1988, Phoenix Holocaust Survivors’ Association in affiliation with the Cline Library of Northern Arizona University; Al Sokol, “Holocaust Theme Underscores Work of Artist,” Toronto Star, November 7, 1996.

787 Tomaszewski and Werbowski, Code Name: Żegota, 43.

788 Account of Ludwika Fiszer in the web site Women and the Holocaust (Personal Reflections—In Ghettos/Camps), Internet: .

789 Skop Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

790 Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers, 62–63.

791 Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, August 2009), 115. See also Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 634–35.

792 Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, November 2008), 97.

793 Krystyna Samsonowska, “Pomoc dla Żydów krakowskich w okresie okupacja hitlerowskiej,” in Żbikowski, Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945, 856.

794 Paweł Knap, “Jak ci się uda uratować, pamiętaj”: Relacje “Sprawiedliwych” i o “Sprawiedliwych” z województwa zachodniopomorskiego (Szczecin: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Szczecinie, 2010), 37–38.

795 Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…, 125–26.

796 Tadeusz Kozłowski, “Spotkanie z żydowskim kolegą po 50 latach,” Gazeta (Toronto), May 12–14, 1995.

797 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 579–80.

798 Menachem Mincberg, “In the Jaws of Destiny,” in Mark Schutzman, ed., Wierzbnik-Starachowitz: A Memorial Book (Tel Aviv: Wierzbnik-Starachowitz Relief Society in Israel and Abroad, 1973), 201ff, translated as Wierzbnik-Starachowitz: A Memorial Book, Internet: .

799 “Sprawiedliwy Wśród Narodów Świata,” Puls Regionu (Częstochowa), May 2008 .

800 Frank Morgens, Years at the Edge of Existence: War Memoirs, 1939–1945 (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1996), 97, 99.

801 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 588–89.

802 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 361.

803 See Gedaliah Shaiak, ed., Lowicz, A Town in Mazovia: Memorial Book (Tel Aviv: Lowitcher Landsmanshaften in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, 1966), xvi–xvii.

804 Śliwowska, The Last Eyewitnesses, 120–23.

805 Małgorzata Niezabitowska, Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland (New York: Friendly Press, 1986), 118–24.

806 Jerzy Diatłowicki, ed., Żydzi w walce 1939–1945: Opór i walka z faszyzmem w latach 1939–1945 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny and Stowarzyszenie Żydów Kombatantów i Poszkodowanych w II Wojnie Światowej, 2009), volume 1, 40.

807 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 569–70.

808 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 557; Bartoszewski and Lewinóna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 1021; Edward Kopówka and Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki: Polacy z okolic Treblinki ratujący Żydów (Oxford and Treblinka: Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe and Kuria Diecezjalna w Drohiczynie, 2011), 304; Polacy ratujący Żydów w czasie Zagłady: Przywracanie pamięci / Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2008), 53.

809 Nechama Tec, Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), 224.

810 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 227–29.

811 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 231–32.

812 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 225–27.

813 Marta Markowska, ed., Archiwum Ringelbluma: Dzień po dniu Zagłady (Warsaw: Ośrodek Karta, Dom Spotkań z Historią, and Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2008), 100–1.

814 Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 541–42.

815 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 572–73.

816 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 210. In the 1960s, Jadwiga, then Bekir, visited the Grzegorek family with her husband to express their gratitude.

817 Ewa Kurek, Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach: Udział żeńskich zgromadzeń zakonnych w akcji ratowania dzieci żydowskich w Polsce a latach 1939–1945 (Lublin: Clio, 2001; Lublin: Gaudium, 2004), 116.

818 Justyna Kowalska-Leder, “Pomaganie skazanym na Zagładę jako źródło destrukcji—na podstawie dokumentów osobistych Brandli Siekierkowej,” Zagłada Żydów: Studia i materiały (Warsaw: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, IFiS PAN, 2012), volume 8, 176–87.

819 Zofia Szymańska, Byłam tylko lekarzem… (Warsaw: Pax, 1979), 149–76.

820 Mary Rolicka, “A Memoir of Survival in Poland,” Midstream, April 1988, 26–27.

821 See Henryk Schönker, Dotknięcie anioła (Warsaw: Ośrodek Karta, 2005), 135–36.

822 “Marian Małowist on History and Historians,” in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13 (2000): 338.

823 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 533–34.

824 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 815.

825 Zajączkowski, Martyrs of Charity, Part One, 123–24, 228.

826 Dariusz Libionka, “Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski,” in Dariusz Libionka, ed., Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), 325.

827 Shmuel Kalisher, ed., Sokoly: B’maavak l’haim (Tel Aviv: Organization of Sokoły Emigrés in Israel, 1975), 188–207, translated as Sokoly: In the Fight for Life, Internet: .

828 Luba Wrobel Goldberg, A Sparkle of Hope: An Autobiography (Melbourne: n.p., 1998), 63.

829 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 741–42.

830 Szymon Datner, “Szkice do studiów nad dziejami żydowskiego ruchu partyzanckiego w Okręgu białostockim (1941–1944),” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego, no. 73 (1970): 45–46; Andrzej Żbikowski, ed., Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945: Studia i materiały (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej—Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2006), 348–50; Ewa Rogalewska, Getto białostockie: Doświadczenie Zagłady—świadectwa literatury i życia (Białystok: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Oddział w Białymstoku, 2013), 196.

831 Andrzej Żbikowski, U genezy Jedwabnego: Żydzi na Kresach Północno-Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej. Wrzesień 1939–lipiec 1941 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2006), 69.

832 Kalmen Wawryk, To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), 66–68, 71

833 Marian Finkielman, Out of the Ghetto: A Young Jewish Orphan Boy’s Struggle for Survival (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 2000), 34–36; Marian (Finkielman) Domanski, Fleeing from the Hunter (Toronto: Azrieli Foundation, 2010), 34–35.

834 Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…, 89.

835 Danuta and Aleksander Wroniszewski, “…aby żyć,” Kontakty–Łomżyński Tygodnik Społeczny, July 10, 1988.

836 Zylberklang, Z Żółkiewki do Erec Israel, 181–84.

837 Abraham Tracy, To Speak For the Silenced (Jerusalem and New York: Devora, 2007), 165–72.

838 Anna Dąbrowska, ed., Światła w ciemności: Sprawiedliwi Wśród Narodów Świata. Relacje (Lublin: Ośrodek “Brama Grodzka–Teatr NN,” 2008), 56–61.

839 Ibid., 106–7.

840 Teresa Prekerowa, “Stosunek ludności polskiej do żydowskich uciekinierów z obozów zagłady w Treblince, Sobiborze i Bełżcu w świetle relacji żydowskich i polskich,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu—Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, volume 35 (1993): 104. The rescuers of Irena Sznycer, Maciej and Cecylia Brogowski, were recognized by Yad Vashem in 2008. See Brogowski Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; Rodzina Bogrowskich, The Polish Righteous. Internet: ; “Zagłada Żydów Biecza – Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata,” Internet: .

841 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 597; Zuzanna Schnepf-Kolacz, “Pomoc Polaków dla Żydów na wsi w czasie okupacji niemieckiej: Próba opisu na przykładzie Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata,” in Engelking and Grabowski, Zarys krajobrazu, 236.

842 Teresa Prekerowa, “Stosunek ludności polskiej do żydowskich uciekinierów z obozów zagłady w Treblince, Sobiborze i Bełżcu w świetle relacji żydowskich i polskich,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu—Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, volume 35 (1993): 108.

843 Testimony of Szymon Goldberg, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 656, noted in Marek Jóźwik, Teresa Mahorowska, and Apolonia Umińska, eds., Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 1–900 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 1–900 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy, 1998), volume 1, 227.

844 Martin Gray, with Max Gallo, For Those I Loved (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1972), 178.

845 Michał Grynberg, Żydzi w rejencji ciechanowskiej 1939–1942 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1984), 134.

846 Janusz Szczepański, Społeczność żydowska Mazowsza w XIX–XX wieku (Pułtusk: Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna imienia Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku, 2005), 492.

847 David Makow, Dangerous Luck: Memories of a Hunted Life (New York: Shengold Publishers, 2000), 28.

848 Vincent A. Lapomarda, The Jesuits and the Third Reich (Lewiston/Queenston and Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1989), 130.

849 Irena Bakowska, Not All Was Lost: A Young Woman’s Memoir, 1939–1946 (Kingston, Ontario: Karijan, 1998), 142–44.

850 Mark Verstandig, I Rest My Case (Melbourne: Saga Press, 1995), viii, 109–13, 130–32.

851 Bill Tammeus and Jacques Cukierkorn, eds., They Were Just People: Stories of Rescue in Poland During the Holocaust (Columbia, Missouri and London: University of Missouri Press, 2009), 22.

852 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 605.

853 Martin Dean, ed., Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Memorial Museum, 2012), volume II, Part A, 552.

854 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 643–44.

855 Jaje Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: ; Adam Kazimierz Musiał, Lata w ukryciu (Gliwice: n.p., 2002), 344–49.

856 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 721–22.

857 Andrzej Krempa, Zagłada Żydów mieleckich, Second revised edition (Mielec: Muzeum Regionalne w Mielcu, 2013), 98.

858 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 709–10.

859 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 640.

860 Sylvia Rothchild, ed., Voices from the Holocaust (New York: Nal Books/New American Library, 1981), 225.

861 Antoni Marianowicz, Życie surowo wzbronione (Warsaw: Czytelnik, 1995), 159–60; translated as Antoni Marianowicz, Life Strictly Forbidden (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2004).

862 Meir Herc, “My Experience in September,” in Moshe Zaltsman and Baruch Shein, eds., Garwolin yisker-bukh (Tel Aviv, New York and Paris: Garwolin Societies, 1972), 187–93.

863 Account of Phinia Korovski in Nechama Shmueli-Schmusch, ed., Zabludow: Dapim mi-tokh yisker-bukh (Tel Aviv: The Zabludow Community in Israel, 1987), an English translation of which is posted on the Internet at: .

864 Stanisław Wroński and Maria Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945 (Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1971), 269, 307, 322, 343, 349, 353.

865 Isaac Kowalski, Anthology on Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, volume 3 (Brooklyn, New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 308.

866 Diane Armstrong, Mosaic: A Chronicle of Five Generations (Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House, 1998), 576–81; Roman Soszyński, Piszczac: Miasto ongiś królewskie (N.p., n.p., 1993), 95, 97; Andrzej W. Kaczorowski, “Danusia z miasteczka Piszczac,” Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8 (March 2009): 69–73.

867 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vols. 4 and 5: Poland, Part 1, 95, 317, 326.

868 Thomas Toivi Blatt, From the Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1997), 207ff.

869 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vols. 4 and 5: Poland, Part 1, 343–44, 452; Part 2, 647, 673 and 692, 927. Regarding Rożki see also Sabina Leszczyńska, The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

870 Adam Kazimierz Musiał, Lata w ukryciu (Gliwice: n.p., 2002), volume 2, 535–37; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 719–20.

871 Ephraim F. Sten, 1111 Days In My Life Plus Four (Takoma Park, Maryland: Dryad Press, in association with the University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 66–67.

872 Joanna Beata Michlic, Poland’s Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 192–93.

873 See, for example, Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part One, 21 (Mariampol).

874 Berenstein and Rutkowski, Assistance to the Jews in Poland 1939–1945, 27, 45–46; Michał Czajka, Marta Janczewska, and Apolonia Umińska-Keff, eds., Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 2001–3000 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 2001–3000 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy, 2002), volume 3, 233–34 (Kretowce). More than 20 Jews were rescued by Poles from Kretowce. The following Poles have been recognized as “Righteous” by Yad Vashem: Agnieszka Mazurkiewicz, Helena Sokalska and her daughter, Janina Szkilnik, and six members of the Zalwowski family.

875 Knap, “Jak ci się uda uratować, pamiętaj”, 101–3.

876 Gerszon Taffet, Zagłada Żydów żółkiewskich (Łódź: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, 1946), 62; Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 444; Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 115–16.

877 Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, volume II, Part A, 825; based on the testimony of Meyer Lamet, July 15, 1945, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 4967.

878 Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 77–78.

879 Testimony of Seweryn Dobroszklanka, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1222; Wroński and Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945, 324–25.

880 Suzanne Ginsburg, Noike: A Memoir of Leon Ginsburg (San Francisco: Avenger Books, 2012), 93–99, 120–24, 127–37, 141–58. This book refers to the Polish colony as “Podswientne” and mentions several helpful families by name.

881 Nyuma Anapolsky, “We survived thanks to the kind people—Ukrainians and Poles,’ in Boris Zabarko, ed., Holocaust in the Ukraine (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2005), 10–11.

882 Mordechai Tennenbaum, “The Life History of a Holocaust Survivor from Mezirich,” in Israel Zinman, ed., Memorial for Greater Mezirich: In Construction and Destruction (Haifa: n.p., 1999), Internet: .

883 Ruth Sztejnman Halperin, “The Last Days of Shumsk,” in H. Rabin, ed., Szumsk: Memorial Book of the Martyrs of Szumsk, Internet: , translation of Shumsk: Sefer zikaron le-kedoshei Shumsk (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Szumsk in Israel, 1968), 29ff.

884 Rima Dulkinienė and Kerry Keys, eds., Su adata širdyje: Getų ir koncentracijos stovyklų kalinių atsiminimai; With a Needle in the Heart: Memoirs of Former Prisoners of Ghettos and Concentraion Camps (Vilnius: Garnelis and Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania, 2003), 319–20.

885 Bronia Beker’s account in “Women of Valor: Partisans and Resistance Fighters,” www.interlog.com/~mighty/personal/bronia.htm, originally published in the Journal of the Center for Holocaust Studies, volume 6, no. 4 (spring 1990).

886 Hochberg-Mariańska and Grüss, The Children Accuse, 206.

887 Carole Garbuny Vogel, We Shall Not Forget!: Memories of the Holocaust, Second edition (Lexington, Massachusetts: Temple Isaiah, 1995), 280, and also 276.

888 Ronald J. Berger, Constructing a Collective Memory of the Holocaust: A Life History of Two Brothers’ Survival (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1995), 55.

889 Abraham Morgenstern, Chortkov Remembered: The Annihilation of a Jewish Community (Dumont, New Jersey: n.p., 1990), 83–84, 98.

890 Marcus Lecker, I Remember: Odyssey of a Jewish Teenager in Eastern Europe (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), 56.

891 Hera, Polacy ratujący Żydów, 483; Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 602–3.

892 Jerzy Węgierski, W lwowskiej Armii Krajowej (Warsaw: Pax, 1989), 77–78; Eliyahu Yones, Smoke in the Sand: The Jews of Lvov in the War Years 1939–1944 (Jerusalem and New York: Gefen, 2004), 227–28; Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part Two, 204–207; Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, volume 5: Poland, Part 2, 886–87; Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 602–3; Testimony of Edmund Adler, Archive of Jewish Historical Institute and Yad Vashem Archives, file O.62/143; Testimony of Feiga Pfeffer, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1356, as cited in Michał Czajka, Marek Jóźwik, Teresa Mahorowska, and Apolonia Umińska-Keff, eds., Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 901–2000 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 901–2000 (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy, 2000), vol. 2, 154; Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, eds., Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim 1939–1946 (Wrocław: Nortom, 2004), 286–90 (Hanaczów), 302 (Świrz).

893 This remarkable story is described in Joshua D. Zimmerman, The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 314–17.

894 Abraham Weissbord, Death of a Shtetl, Internet: , translation of Es shtarbt a shtetl: Megiles Skalat (Munich: Central Historical Commission of the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in the U.S. Zone of Germany, 1948), 65.

895 Firuta Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

896 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 1027.

897 Wroński and Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945, 263, 265, 266, 307, 324–25, 327, 361 and 389, 386 392.

898 Edward Prus, Holocaust po banderowsku: Czy Żydzi byli w UPA? (Wrocław: Nortom, 1995), 82, 144, 167; Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 605 (Zdołbunów).

899 Asher Tarmon, ed., Memorial Book: The Jewish Communities of Manyevitz, Horodok, Lishnivka, Troyanuvka, Povursk, and Kolki (Wolyn Region) (Tel-Aviv: Organization of Survivors of Manyevitz, Horodok, Lishnivka, Troyanuvka, Povursk, Kolki and Surroundings Living in Israel and Overseas, 2004), 39–40, 67–68, 74, 85.

900 E. Leoni, ed., Rokitno (Volin) ve-ha-sevivah: Sefer edut ve-zikaron (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Rokitno in Israel, 1967), translated as Rokitno-Wolyn and Surroundings: Memorial Book and Testimony, Internet: , 293ff., 317ff., 327ff., 334ff., 342ff., 351; Yehuda Bauer, “Sarny and Rokitno in the Holocaust: A Case Study of Two Townships in Wolyn (Volhynia),” in Steven T. Katz, ed., The Shtetl: New Evaluations (New York and London: New York University Press, 2007), 273. The following Poles from Okopy have been recognized by Yad Vashem: Rev. Ludwik Wrodarczyk, Felicja Masojada, Weronika Kozińska, and Aniela Kozińska-Romaniewicz. See Gutman, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust: Supplementary Volumes (2000–2005), volume II, 594–95, 611.

901 Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…, 125.

902 Denise Nevo and Mira Berger, eds., We Remember: Testimonies of Twenty-four Members of Kibbutz Megiddo who Survived the Holocaust (New York: Shengold, 1994), 209, 257.

903 Yitzhak Ganuz, ed., Our Town Stepan, Internet: , translation of Ayaratenu Stepan (Tel Aviv: Stepan Society, 1977), 213ff., 287.

904 Stanisław Siekierski, ed., Żyli wśród nas…: Wspomnienia Polaków i Żydów nadesłane na konkurs pamięci polsko-żydowskiej o nagrodę imienia Dawida Ben Guriona (Płońsk: Zarząd Miasta Płońsk, Miejskie Centrum Kultury w Płońsku, and Towarzystwo Miłośników Ziemi Płońskiej, 2001), 121.

905 Andrzej Leja, “Urodzona w ZSRS,” Polis: Miasto Pans Cogito, Internet: (Karaczun near Kostopol); Sonya Tesler-Gyraph, “Memories from the Nazi Period,” in Yosef Kariv, ed., Horchiv Memorial Book (Tel Aviv: Horchiv Committee in Israel, 1966), 63.

906 Isaiah Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution: Collective and Individual Behavior in Extremis (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), 250–52.

907 Account of Mordechai Tennenbaum in Israel Zinman, ed., Memorial for Greater Mezirich: In Construction and Destruction (Haifa: Organization of Meziritsh Association, 1999), Internet: .

908 Daniel Kac, Koncert grany żywym (Warsaw: Tu, 1998), 183.

909 Andrzej Żbikowski, Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945, 309.

910 Władyslaw Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945 (Warsaw: von borowiecky, 2000), volume 1, 872.

911 Stepan Makarczuk, “Straty ludności w Galicji Wschodniej w latach II wojny światowej (1939–1945),” in Polska–Ukraina: Trudne pytania, volume 6 (Warsaw: Światowy Związek Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, Związek Ukraińców w Polsce, and Karta, 2000), 240.

912 Bronisław Szeremeta, “Zagłada wsi Adamy—rok 1943,” Semper Fidelis (Wrocław), no. 1 (14), 1993: 19; Testimony of Leokadja Bochner, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 234, noted in Jóźwik, Mahorowska, and Umińska, Relacje z czasów Zagłady Inwentarz: Archiwum ŻIH IN-B, zespół 301, Nr. 1–900 / Holocaust Survivor Testimonies Catalogue: Jewish Historical Institute Archives, Record Group 301, No. 1–900, volume 1, 93–94.

913 “Letter of Chayeh Kanner,” Khurbn Glinyane (New York: New York: Emergency Relief Committee for Gliniany and Vicinity, 1946), translated as The Tragic End of Our Gliniany, Internet: .

914 Reuben Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Poland (with a historical survey of the Jew as fighter and soldier in the Diaspora) (London: Paul Elek, 1974), 450–53.

915 Shlomo Blond, et al., eds., Memorial Book of Tlumacz: The Life and Destruction of a Jewish Community (Tel Aviv: Tlumacz Societies in Israel and the U.S.A., 1976), column clxxiv.

916 Alicia Appleman-Jurman, Alicia: My Story (New York: Bantam, 1988), 149, 157.

917 Etunia Bauer Katz, Our Tomorrows Never Came (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 98–99.

918 Elżbieta Isakiewicz, Harmonica: Jews Relate How Poles Saved Them from the Holocaust (Warsaw: Polska Agencja Informacyjna, 2001), 106–108.

919 Yehuda Bauer, “Buczacz and Krzemieniec: The Story of Two Towns During the Holocaust,” in Yad Vashem Studies, volume 33 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, 2005), 298.

920 David Ravid (Shmukler), ed., The Cieszanow Memorial Book (Mahwah, New Jersey: Jacob Solomon Berger, 2006), 190–91.

921 Oral History Interview with Pepa (Sternberg) Gold, Kean College of New Jersey Holocaust Resource Center, March 26, 1987.

922 Account of Rose (Raisel) Meltzak in Donald L. Niewyk ed., Fresh Wounds: Early Narratives of Holocaust Survival (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 164.

923 Hersch Altman, One the Fields of Loneliness (New York and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem and The Holocaust Survivors’ Memors Project, 2006), 139ff.

924 Testimony of Rose Slutzky in Belle Millo, ed., Voices of Winnipeg Holocaust Survivors (Winnipeg: Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada, 2010), 364; Testimony of Rose Slutsky, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, Interview code 23960.

925 Max Mermelstein (Weidenfeld) and Tony Hausner, eds., Skala on the River Zbrucz: A History of the Former Skala Jewish Community (United States: Skala Research Group and Skala Benevolent Society, 2009), 397–98, also 183–90.

926 Douglas K. Huneke, The Moses of Rovno: The Stirring Story of Fritz Graebe, a German Christian Who Risked His Life to Lead Hundreds of Jews to Safety During the Holocaust (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1985), 84.

927 Carol Rittner and Sondra Myers, eds., The Courage to Care: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust (New York: New York University Press, 1986), 47–48.

928 Irene Gut Opdyke with Jeffrey M. Elliot, Into the Flames: The Life Story of a Righteous Gentile (San Bernardino, California: The Borgo Press, 1992), 139.

929 Zajączkowski, Martyrs of Charity, Part One, 229 (Entry 482, Stryj).

930 Władyslaw Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945 (Warsaw: von borowiecky, 2000), volume 1, 363.

931 Zajączkowski, Martyrs of Charity, Part One, 154–55; Tsvi Weigler, “Two Polish Villages Razed for Extending Help to Jews,” Yad Washem Bulletin, no. 1 (April 1957): 19–20; Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, 450–53; Na Rubieży (Wrocław), no. 10 (1994): 10–11 (Huta Werchodudzka); Na Rubieży, no. 12 (1995): 7–20 (Huta Pieniacka); Na Rubieży, no. 54 (2001): 18–29.

932 Testimony of Feiwel Auerbach, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 1200.

933 Kopel Kolpanitzky, Sentenced To Life: The Story of a Survivor of the Lahwah Ghetto (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007), 89–96.

934 Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia Werbowski, Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland (Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1994), 117–18; second revised edition—Żegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 (Montreal: Price-Paterson, 1999), 110; third revised edition—Code Name: Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945: The Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe (Santa Barbara, California: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010), 117.

935 Wiktor Noskowski, “Czy Yaffa Eliach przeprosi Polaków?” Myśl Polska (Warsaw), July 20–27, 1997.

936 Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień…, 124, 126.

937 Chodorska, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Part One, 104–109.

938 Pola Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem (Warsaw: Volumen, 1993), 69, 71–73. One of the families, Wincenty and Paulina Aloszko and their two sons, were awarded by Yad Vashem for sheltering Izaak and Celina Melcer, and their daughters, Raya and Helena. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 57.

939 Świetlikowski Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

940 Leon Kahn (as told to Marjorie Morris), No Time To Mourn: A True Story of a Jewish Partisan Fighter (Vancouver: Laurelton Press, 1978), 55, 124.

941 Martin Gilbert, The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (Toronto: Key Porter, 2003), 19.

942 Testimony of Beniamin Rogowski, March 14, 1965, Yad Vashem Archives, file O.3/2820.

943 Murray Berger’s account is in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.

944 Anna Eilenberg-Eibeshitz, Remember! A Collection of Testimonies (Haifa: H. Eibeshitz Institute for Holocaust Studies, 1999), 285–306.

945 Information from Yad Vashem, file no. 5844.

946 Stefan Chaskielewicz, Ukrywałem się w Warszawie: Styczeń 1943–styczeń 1945 (Kraków: Znak, 1988), 35–36.

947 Marcus David Leuchter, “Reflections on the Holocaust,” The Sarmatian Review (Houston, Texas), volume 20, no. 3 (September 2000).

948 Barbara Stanisławczyk, Czterdzieści twardych (Warsaw: ABC, 1997), 91.

949 Reicher, Country of Ash, 198, 201.

950 Marek Halter, “Tzedek,” Wprost, June 13, 1993.

951 Justyna Kobus, “Wykołysał mnie Drohiczyn,” Magazyn Sukces, March 28, 2008; Ewa Bagłaj, Słoneczna dziewczyna: Opowieść o Klementynie Sołonowicz-Olbrychskiej (Warsaw: Warszawskie Wydawnictwo Literackie Muza, 2007).

952 Piotr Zychowicz, “Są nowi sprawiedliwi,” Rzeczpospolita, December 21, 2011.

953 Michał Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993), 533; Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, 93; Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, 2^nd ed., 208–209.

954 Blanca Rosenberg, To Tell at Last: Survival under False Identity, 1941–45 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 122.

955 Testimony of Fanny Gothajner, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2011.

956 “Traktowałem to jako obowiązek chrześcijański i polski” (an interview with Jan Dobraczyński), Słowo–Dziennik Katolicki (Warsaw), no. 67, 1993.

957 Natan Gross, Who Are You, Mr Grymek? (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2001), 249–50.

958 Ceremony of Awarding Medals and Honary Diplomas “Righteous Among the Nations,” Warsaw, June 14, 2010.

959 “O ukrywaniu się po ‘aryjskiej stronie’: Z profesorem Feliksem Tychem rozmawia Barbara Engelking,” Zagłada Żydów: Studia i materiały, volume 1 (Warsaw: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów IFiS PAN, 2005), 234; Barbara Engelking, “Rozmowa z prof. Feliksem Tychem,” Zagłada Żydów: Studia i materały, volume 2 (Warsaw: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów IFiS PAN, 2006), 340.

960 Marian Turski, ed., Losy żydowskie: Świadectwo żywych, volume 2 (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Żydów Kombatantów i Poszkodowanych w II Wojnie Światowej, 1999), 150.

961 Zdzisław Przygoda, Niezwykłe przygody w zwyczajnym życiu (Warszawa: Ypsylon, 1994), 49.

962 Paulsson, Secret City, 191–92.

963 Testimony of Róża Dobrecka, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), record group 301, number 2274.

964 Jerzy Jacek Bojarski, ed., Ścieżki pamięci: Żydowskie miasto w Lublinie—losy, miejsca, historia (Lublin and Rishon LeZion: Norbertinum, Ośrodek “Brama Grodzka–Teatr NN,” Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie, Stowarzyszenie Środkowoeuropejskie “Dziedzictwo i Współczesność,” 2002), 35.

965 Wroński and Zwolakowa, Polacy Żydzi 1939–1945, 307.

966 Carolyn Gammon and Israel Unger, The Unwritten Diary of Israel Unger (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2013), 14–15, 199.

967 Miriam Peleg-Mariańska and Mordecai Peleg, Witnesses: Life in Occupied Kraków (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 4.

968 Hochberg-Mariańska and Grüss, The Children Accuse, 66.

969 Władysław Bartoszewski, The Blood Shed Unites Us: Pages from the History of Help to the Jews in Occupied Poland (Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1970), 225.

970 Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine, 205.

971 Israel Gutman, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, volume 8: Europe (Part II) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2011), 215–16. The families mentioned are: Czajkowski, Godlewski, Gulbinowicz, Lutkiewicz, Masewicz, Rauba (2 families), Stankiewicz, and Rynkiewicz.

972 The following two families were recognized by Yad Vashem: Augustynowicz and Rymowicz.

973 Rivka Lozansky Bogomolnaya, Wartime Experiences in Lithuania (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000), 75. See also If I Forget Thee…: The Destruction of the Shtetl Butrimantz: Testimony by Riva Lozansky and Other Witnesses (Washington, D.C.: Remembrance Books, 1998), passim.

974 If I Forget Thee…: The Destruction of the Shtetl Butrimantz. Testimony by Riva Lozansky and Other Witnesses (Washington, D.C.: Remembrance Books, 1998), passim; Martin Dean, ed., Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Memorial Museum, 2012), volume II, Part B, 1046 .

975 Testimony of Sarah Epstein (Sara Epshteyn) in Joshua Rubenstein and Ilya Altman, The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008), 297.

976 Wacław and Anna Paszkowski (also given as Paškovski or Paškauskas) and their stepson, Stanisław Krywicz (also given as Krivičius), were recognized by Yad Vashem in 1999. A hommage to that Polish family can be found in Nancy Wright Beasley, Izzy’s Fire: Finding Humanity in the Holocaust (Richmond, Virginia: Palari Publishing, 2008), 251, passim.

977 Wacław and Halina Szukszta were recognized as Righteous Gentiles in 2006. See The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: .

978 Solomon Abramovich and Yakov Zilberg, eds., Smuggled in Potato Sacks: Fifty Stories of the Hidden Children of the Kaunas Ghetto (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2011), 48–53, 63–64, 79, 85–87, 103–4, 161–62, 218, 254, 274–79, 316–17, 327–29, 337, 343–45, 379; Dorothy Leivers, Jews of Kopcheve (Bergenfield, New Jersey: Avotaynu, 2006), 47–49 (Kapčiamiestis/Kopciowo). Aba Gefen mentions a large number of rescuers with Slavic, as opposed to Lithuanian names in his Defying the Holocaust: A Diplomat’s Report (San Bernardino, California, 1993), but identifies only one person as a Pole: pp. 58–59, 76 (Meteliai/Metel near Simnas/Simno). However, in his oral history review, he states that Poles in Lithuania were friendlier to the Jews than Lithuanians. See the interview with Aba Gefen, October 17, 2011, Oral History Branch, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

979 Szymon Datner, “Wydział ochrony człowieka,” Znak (Kraków), no. 347 (1983), 1607.

980 Yehuda Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Persepective (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978), 57, 59–60.

981 Yehuda Bauer, The Death of the Shtetl (New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press, 2009), 37.

982 Pola Stein, cited in Nechama Tec, When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 129.

983 Michał Głowiński, “O sprawiedliwych / About the Righteous,” in Polacy ratujący Żydów w czasie Zagłady: Przywracanie pamięci / Poles Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust: Recalling Forgotten History (Warsaw: Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland and Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2013), 9. Surprisingly, questions along these lines are not put to survivors interviewed for the Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education.

984 Hanna Wehr, Ze wspomnień (Montreal: Polish-Jewish Heritage Foundation of Canada, 2001).

985 Cited in Marc Hillel, Le massacre des survivants: En Pologne après l’holocauste (1945–1947) (Paris: Plon, 1985), 99.

986 Cited in Małgorzata Niezabitowska, Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland (New York: Friendly Press, 1986), 249.

987 Shoshana (Rozalia) Ronen née Wassner cited in The Nawłoka Family, Story of Rescue, The Polish Righteous, Internet: .

988 Janka Altman, cited in Marek Arczyński and Wiesław Balcerak, Kryptonim “Żegota”: Z dziejów pomocy Żydom w Polsce 1939–1945, 2nd edition (Warsaw: Czytelnik, 1983), 264.

989 Roman Frister, The Cap, or the Price of a Life (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999), 194.

990 Henryk Prajs, January 2005, Internet: (Biographies).

991 Felix Horn, Interview dated July 19, 1994, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.

992 Ewa S. (Stapp), September 2005, Internet: (Biographies).

993 Testimony of Bencjon Drutin, in Marzena Baum-Gruszowska and Dominika Majuk, eds., Światła w ciemności: Sprawiedliwi wśród narodów świata: Relacje historii mówionej w działaniach edukacyjnych (Lublin: Ośrodek “Brama Grodzka–Teatr NN,” 2009), 58.

994 Testimony of Emilka Rozencwajg (Shoshana Kossower Rosenzweig), a Home Army and Jewish underground liaison officer in Warsaw, interviewed by Anka Grupińska, “Ja myślałam, że wszyscy są razem,” Tygodnik Powszechny, May 6, 2001.

995 Testimony of Ada Lubelczyk Willenberg, Interview with Samuel and Ada Willenberg, “To, o czym pisze Gross jest prawdą,” Polska Agencja Prasowa (PAP), January 10, 2011.