Cefr practice reading tests complete the text true or false

7. The short lesson with the Master helped the boy to 
A) understand his strong points and weaknesses. 
B) widen his academic horizons. 
C) mature and get ready for a real life. 
D) choose a profession. 
Q1 
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Q7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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CEFR READING PART PRACTICE – MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the text and answer the questions 1-7. 
 
TASK 20 
Book Review 
 
There can be few countries (if any) that achieved as much as the Soviet Union did in relation to scientific discovery. 
Whether the advances were driven by a need to prove the superiority of communism or were simply by-products of 
the defence industry during the cold war has been much debated. But of immense value to students of political 
economy and even greater value to those interested in the history and development of science is Loren Graham’s 
book “
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union” 
priced 
￡
21.99 and published by Cambridge University Press. 
An expert on the history of science in Russia, Graham has written several books which are all easily accessible and 
readable. But “
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union” 
is the real masterpiece for many readers. It is a splendid 
work, a breathtaking synthesis that is stimulating to both — the academic and the ordinary reader. It fascinates with 
every page and is genuinely a pleasure to read. 
Professor Graham explains why science developed so well in the Soviet state, bringing to his task not only immense 
learning but a solid appreciation of the powerful social and political factors that shaped the Russian scientific 
community. However, while Graham’s book gives particular attention to the Soviet period, it in fact acts as an 
encyclopaedia of Russia’s contribution to world science throughout the ages. All the great names are there — from 
Lomonosov and Peter the Great to Korolyov: but there are also some names recorded (either of Russians or 
scientists working in Russia) which perhaps not everybody will have heard of.
For example we can read about the contribution of Leonhard Euler (1707-83) a Swiss scientist who spent much of 
his career at the Academy in St. Petersburg. He is revered by both the Swiss and the Russians for the mathematical 
discoveries he made while working there. Then there were Daniel and Nicolaus Bernouilli, Dutch brothers and 
mathematicians, who spent a portion of their professional career at the Academy in St. Petersburg and would inspire 
Russian scholars for decades. They are noted for their development of an economic principle known as the St. 
Petersburg Paradox. 
Graham also tells us about Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850-91) who was the first major Russian female mathematician: 
part of a generation of women benefiting from the reforms of Alexander II and the opportunity to obtain a higher 
education, she was also the first woman to be appointed a full professorship in Europe. Graham’s history takes us 
through to the 1980s, by which time the Russian scientific establishment had become the largest in the world. It is a 
remarkable history and one that shaped not only Russia but played a huge part in the making of the modern, 
technological age.
But it is a little known history and one which for many years was shrouded in secrecy because of the political 
requirements of those times. But now the story has been told and “
Science and
Philosophy in the Soviet Union”, 
has 
been nominated for the National Book Award for history. Graham is Professor of the History of Science at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Visiting Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University.