famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication (Q2). Cato definitely didn’t. Marcus Aurelius
never intended his Meditations to be anything but personal. Seneca’s letters were, well, letters and Epictetus’
thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking student.
Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life and
the key to achieving this was virtue. The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive
emotions, like anger and jealousy, are under our conscious control – they don’t have to control us, because
we can learn to control them. In the words of Epictetus: “external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them, I do control”. (Q3) The modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experience which most of us would see as wholly negative (Q4); a Stoic
“transforms fear into caution, pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation and desire into undertaking”.
Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries Stoicism has been practised in
more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers and entrepreneurs.
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The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy. George Washington was
introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen, and later, put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men (Q5). Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
Writers and artists have also been inspired by the stoics. Eugène Delacroix, the renowned French Romantic
artist (known best for his painting Liberty Leading the People) was an ardent Stoic, referring to it as his
“consoling religion”.
The economist Adam Smith’s theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism (Q6) that he studied as a schoolboy, under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius’ works.
Today’s political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts. Former
US president Bill Clinton rereads Marcus Aurelius every single year, and many have compared former
President Obama’s calm leadership style to that of Cato. Wen Jiabao, the former prime minister of China,
claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with and that he has read it more than one hundred
times over the course of his life.
Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (Q7), which
is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave. It’s most