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Free Association
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-psychoanalytic technique in which the person says the first thing that comes to mind, letting true unconscious direct association
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Catharsis
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-therapeutic release of emotions, usually anger
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Transference
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-psychoanalytic occurrence in which the patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain people or events onto the therapist
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Rogers
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-client-centered therapy: therapist shows unconditional + regard
-help client realize full potential
-therapist is open, honest, and expressive of feelings with the client
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Non-Directive Therapy
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-client directs course/subject dealt with in therapy, not the therapist
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Client Centered Therapist
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-qualities: warmth, empathy, genuineness, positive regard, active listening skills
-objective, caring and professional view of the patient’s life and issues
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Aversion Therapy
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-subject is exposed to a negative consequence for displaying a behavior
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Systematic Desensitization
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-behavior treatment for phobias in which the client is trained to relax to increasingly fearful stimuli
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-ex: Antabuse for alcoholism (drug makes a person violently ill if he consumes alcohol)
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Token Economy
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-behavioral therapy technique in which a person earns a reinforcement for displaying desired behavior
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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
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-cognitive treatment developed by Ellis, which is based on facing the irrational thoughts in a rather confrontational way
-changing irrational thinking will lead to a change in irrational behavior
-goal: see world and one’s place accurately, reduce self-blame
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Albert Ellis
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-cognitive therapy for depression
-RET: rational emotive therapy
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Aaron Beck
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-cognitive therapy for depression
-proposed the concept of cognitive triad: theorized that many unhappy people have negative thoughts about themselves, the world, and the future
-emphasized taking a realistic, objective look at these interpretations
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Antidepressants
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-most work by enhancing effects of seratonin and norepinephrine
-tricyclics
-Prozac
-SSRI
-MAO inhibitors
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Mao Inhibitors
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-used to treat depression and anxiety
-MAO inhibitors mop up norepinephrine and seratonin at the synapse
-increase amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in synaptic cleft
-produce this increase by blocking monoamine oxidase which is responsible for breakdown of neurotransmitters
-effective but toxic and require special dietary modifications
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Tricyclics (TCA)
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-original anti-depressants
-blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine & seratonin at presynaptic (sending) terminals
-amitriptyline and imipramine are tricyclics that increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine
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Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
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-used to treat depression by blocking the reuptake of only seratonin
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Prozac
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Lithium Carbonate
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-a salt used to treat bipolar disorder
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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-most work as dopamine antagonists
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Thorazine
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-relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but causes tardive dyskinesia
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Clozaril
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-relieves positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Anti-Anxiety Drugs
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-called anxiolyptics
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Ex: Benzodiazapenes (CNS depressants, increase availability of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, reduce anxiety)
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Lithium
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-stimulant used to treat AD/HD
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Ritalin
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-used to treat severe depression
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ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
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-form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient’s head
-causes a temporary amnesia
-successful in treatment of major depression
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Psychosurgery: Prefrontal Lobotomy
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-parts of the frontal lobes are cut off from the rest of the brain
-popular treatment for violent patients from 1930s-1950s
-left patients in zombie-like or catatonic state
-disgraceful
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deinstitutionalization
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-growth in use of drug therapies beginning in 1960s led to the trend this trend
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Rosenhan’s Study
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-1970s: pseudo-patients admitted to psychiatric hospital when they reported they were hearing voices
-pseudo-patients returned to normal behavior after inside institution
-no member of professional health staff “caught on” they were healthy
-application of label influences how each subsequent behavior is perceived
-patients in study released and told they were “in remission” – not cured or absent altogether, labels stick
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