Chapter 1: Introduction to Object Oriented Paradigm Software Crisis

Features of Object-Oriented Programming (POP) 
➢ Emphasis is on data rather than procedure 
➢ Programs are divided into objects 
➢ Data structures are designed such that they characterized the objects. 
➢ Data are hidden and cannot be accesses by external features. 
➢ Objects may communicate with each other through functions 
➢ New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary. 
➢ Follows bottom-up approach in program design. 
Procedural oriented programming 
Conventional programming using high level programming is commonly known as POP. In the procedure-
oriented approach, the problem is viewed as a sequence of things to be done such as reading, 
calculating and printing. POP basically consists of writing a list of instructions for the computer to follow 

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and organizing these instructions into groups known as functions. These functions share global data and 
can transfer data from one form to another. POP employs top-down approach in program design. 
Features of procedural oriented programming (POP) 
➢ Emphasis is on doing things algorithm 
➢ Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as function 
➢ Most of the functions share global data 
➢ Data move freely (openly) around the system from function to function 
➢ Function transfer data from one form to another 
➢ Employs top-down approach in programing. 

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Fig: Relationship of data and functions in POP 
Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented programming: 
1.) Object:
It represents the entities of the real world. For e.g. Bank, Person, Company etc. They 
have attributes and function. For e.g. Attributes like color, address, name etc. The function like 
working, speaking, public relation. In OOP, the problem is always analyzed in terms of object 
communication through function i.e. the functions are used when some message needs to be 
passed and worked out accordingly