Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
CHARACTERS
Claudius, K i n g of Denmark
Hamlet, son of the last king, and nephew of the present one
Horatio, friend of Hamlet
Polonius, Minister of State
Laertes, son of Polonius
Marcellus, a guard
Ghost of Hamlet's father
A group of Actors
Gertrude, Queen of Denmark and mother of Hamlet
Ophelia, daughter of Polonius
Less than two months after the sudden death of K i n g Hamlet,
Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, married his brother Claudius.This
was judged by everyone at that time to be a strangely unwise or
unfeeling act, or even worse.
Claudius was in no way like her first husband in the qualities
of his person or his mind. He was as worthless in appearance as
he was evil in character. Some people even suspected that he had
killed his brother, the last king, so that he could marry Gertrude
and become K i n g of Denmark himself. In this way he was able to
prevent young Hamlet, the son of the buried k i n g and his lawful
heir, from becoming king.
This unwise action of the queen had a very great effect on the
young prince, w h o loved and honoured the memory of his dead
father. Being of a most honourable character himself, he was
gready troubled by the shame of his mother's marriage; shame,
and grief at his father's death, made h i m fall into a state of deep
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sadness. He no longer found any pleasure in his books or his
sports. He became tired of the world, w h i c h seemed to h i m like
an uncared-for garden, in which all the best flowers have died for
lack of space.
Although the loss of the crown was a bitter w o u n d to this
young prince, it was not this that troubled h i m and took away all
his cheerful spirits - it was the fact that his mother had shown
herself to be so forgetful of his father's memory. He had been so
loving and so gende a husband to her, and she had always
appeared to be a loving wife to h i m . B u t in less than two months
she had married his brother, young Hamlet's uncle. This in itself
was a very improper and unlawful marriage, as they were such
close relations, but it was made much worse by the speed w i t h
which it was done and by the unkingly character of the man
w h o m she had chosen. It was this, much more than the loss of
ten kingdoms, w h i c h made the young prince so unhappy.
Everything that his mother Gertrude or the k i n g could do to
try to raise his spirits was useless. He still appeared in court in
black clothes, in memory of his father. He had not even taken it
off on the day his mother was married, and he could not be
persuaded to j o i n in any of the celebrations on what seemed to
h i m a shameful day.
He was most troubled by an uncertainty about the manner of
his father's death. Claudius had made it k n o w n that a snake had
bitten h i m . B u t young Hamlet had strong suspicions that
Claudius himself was the snake, and that the snake that had bitten
his father now wore his crown.
H o w right was this guess? What ought he to think of his
mother? Had she k n o w n of this murder, and perhaps even agreed
to it? These were the doubts which continued to w o r r y h i m and
were driving h i m mad.
•
A story had reached the ear of young Hamlet that a ghost,
exactly like the dead king, had been seen by the soldiers on guard
in front of the palace at midnight. The figure was always dressed
in the battledress w h i c h the dead k i n g was k n o w n to have w o r n .
Those w h o saw it (and Hamlet's close friend Horatio was one)
agreed about the time and manner of its appearance. It came just
as the clock struck midnight. It looked pale, w i t h a face more of
sorrow than of anger. Its beard was a dark silvery colour. It made
no answer when they spoke to it. Once they thought it lifted up
its head, and was about to speak; but at that moment m o r n i n g
broke, and it went quickly away and disappeared from their sight.
Shocked at their story, the young prince believed that it was his
father's ghost which they had seen. He decided to j o i n the
soldiers on guard that night so that he could have a chance of
seeing i t . He argued w i t h himself that ghosts did not appear for
no reason, but that this ghost must have something to tell.
Although it had been silent until now,it would speak to h i m ; and
he waited w i t h impatience for the coming of night.
W h e n night came, he took his place w i t h Horatio and
Marcellus, one of the guards, in front of the palace where this
spirit had been seen to walk. Their conversation was suddenly
interrupted by Horatio, w h o said that the ghost was coming.
At the sight of his father's spirit, Hamlet was shocked and
frightened. He called on heaven to protect them, since he did not
k n o w whether it was a good or bad spirit, whether it came for
good or evil purposes. Gradually he became braver. His father (it
seemed to him) looked at h i m so sadly, and appeared so exactly
the same as when he was alive, that Hamlet could not help
speaking to h i m . He called h i m by his name, 'Hamlet, K i n g ,
Father!' and begged h i m to explain the reason w h y he had left his
grave, where they had seen h i m quietly buried, to visit the earth
and the moonlight again. Was there anything which they could
do to give peace to his spirit?
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The ghost made a sign to Hamlet, that he should go w i t h h i m
to some place further away where they could be alone. Horatio
and Marcellus tried to stop the young prince from following the
ghost, for they were afraid that it might be some evil spirit w h i c h
w o u l d try to harm h i m . B u t their warnings and advice could not
change Hamlet's mind. He cared too little about life to fear losing
i t ; and as for his soul, he said, what could the spirit do to
something that could never die?
W h e n they were alone together, the spirit broke his silence,
and told h i m that he was the ghost of Hamlet, his father, w h o had
been cruelly murdered. He said that it had been done by his o w n
brother Claudius, as Hamlet had already suspected, in the hope of
w i n n i n g his wife and his crown. As he was sleeping in his garden,
w h i c h was always his custom in the afternoon, his faithless
brother had stood over h i m , and poured into his ears a poisonous
liquid that quickly killed h i m . So he was cut off by a brother's
hand from his crown, his queen and his life. He begged Hamlet, if
he had ever loved his dear father, to take revenge for this evil
murder.
The ghost spoke sadly to his son about his mother's fall from
goodness. She had proved so false to the memory of her first
husband that she had married his murderer. B u t he told Hamlet
that however he acted against his evil uncle, he must take care not
to hurt his mother; he should leave her to heaven. Hamlet
promised to obey the ghost's orders in all things, and the ghost
disappeared.
W h e n Hamlet was left alone, he promised himself that he
w o u l d forget everything that he had ever learned. N o t h i n g
w o u l d live in his brain except the memory of what the ghost had
told h i m and ordered h i m to do. He told the details of the
conversation to no one except his dear friend Horatio, and he
commanded both h i m and Marcellus to keep secret what they
had seen that night.
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